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Unveiling genotypic diversity of Theileria orientalis in lethal outbreaks among bovines in Karnataka, India

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Abstract

Theileria orientalis, the causal agent of oriental theileriosis, is known to cause mild disease in cattle and buffalo across the world. Recently, different genotypes of T. orientalis have emerged as pathogenic, causing high reported morbidity in cattle. This study focuses on investigating three suspected outbreaks of oriental theileriosis that resulted in fatalities among crossbred and indigenous bulls in Karnataka, India. Examination of blood smears revealed the presence of T. orientalis piroplasms within erythrocytes. The genetic characterization of T. orientalis was conducted by targeting specific markers, including the mpsp gene, p23 gene, and ribosomal DNA markers (18S rRNA gene, ITS-1, and ITS-2). Analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene unveiled the presence of both Type A and Type E genotypes of T. orientalis in the outbreaks. The mpsp gene-based analysis identified genotype 7 of T. orientalis in crossbred cows, whereas genotype 1 (Chitose B) was found to be present in indigenous bulls. Haplotype network analysis based on the mpsp gene revealed the presence of 39 distinct haplotypes within the 12 defined genotypes of T. orientalis with a high haplotype diversity of 0.9545 ± 0.017. Hematological and biochemical analysis revealed a decrease in calcium, hemoglobin levels, red blood cell counts, and phosphorus. This study constitutes the initial documentation of a clinical outbreak of oriental theileriosis in indigenous bulls with genotype 1 (Chitose 1B). Substantial epidemiological investigations are imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the geographical distribution of distinct genotypes and the diverse clinical manifestations of the disease across various hosts.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India, and the ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) for constant encouragement and support. The authors are thankful to the Karnataka State Animals Husbandry Department for their help during the disease investigation.

Funding

Financial assistance for carrying out the research work was provided by the ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI).

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  1. ICAR National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India

    Siju Susan Jacob, Pinaki Prasad Sengupta, H. B Chethan Kumar, S. Madhaba Maharana, Akshata Goudar, A. G. S. Chandu, T. S. Rakshitha, Baldev R. Gulati & Gundallahalli Bayyappa Manjunatha Reddy

  2. Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hassan, Karnataka, India

    V. Shivakumar

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  1. Siju Susan Jacob
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Contributions

SSJ: Methodology, analysis, drafting, reviewing and editing the manuscript, PPS: reviewing and editing the manuscript, CHB: sample collection and disease investigation, SMM, AG &; AGSC,RTS: Laboratory processing of the samples, SV: Sample collection, BRG: reviewing and editing of the manuscript, GBMR: sample collection, disease investigation, reviewing and editing the manuscript. All the authors reviewed, proofread, and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gundallahalli Bayyappa Manjunatha Reddy.

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Jacob, S.S., Sengupta, P.P., Kumar, H.B. et al. Unveiling genotypic diversity of Theileria orientalis in lethal outbreaks among bovines in Karnataka, India. Parasitol Res 123, 202 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08227-9

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