Abstract
The use of repellents is considered an alternative against biting insects, including Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), the main vector of the protozoan Leishmania infantum, visceral leishmaniasis’s (VL) etiologic agent in the Americas. This study aimed to evaluate the repellent efficacy of icaridin nanostructured solution applied on cotton knitting fabric against L. longipalpis. Arm-in-cage tests were performed in eight volunteers at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 25%, and 50%), using L. longipalpis (n = 30). The bioassay was performed in 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h after impregnation and one test after washing the fabrics with icaridin. The total repellency rate (%R) > 95% was used as a reference to define a minimum effective concentration (MEC). The results revealed that the insects’ landing mean decreased significantly in different icaridin concentrations, compared with the control tests (p < 0.05) and the 25% and 50% concentrations compared to lower concentration (5%) (p < 0.05). The higher concentrations (25% and 50%) provided longer complete protection times (CPTs) with 120 and 144 h of protection, respectively and the %R of 100% for 72 and 96 h after impregnation, respectively. The 25% was the MEC (%R Total = 98.18%). Our results indicate, for the first time, that icaridin nanostructured solution applied on cotton knitting fabric proved to be an efficient repellent against L. longipalpis with the presence of repellent action even after washing. The concentration of 25% showed better efficiency and may become an efficient method for L. longipalpis biting control.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the master scholarships granted to Ferreira, HRP and postdoctoral grants to Barbosa, TM and the Innovation Laboratory in Micro and Nanotechnologies—LIMN/UFRN for the availability and release of the icaridin use in this study. We are also grateful for the contribution of the volunteers during the experiments.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Henrique Rafael Pontes Ferreira, Rivaldo Leonn Bezerra Cabral, Tamyres Bernadete Dantas Queiroga, Taciano de Moura Barbosa, José Heriberto Oliveira do Nascimento, and Renata Antonaci Gama. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Henrique Rafael Pontes Ferreira and Rivaldo Leonn Bezerra Cabral and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This study was conducted according to the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), with protocol number 3.769.104.
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Ferreira, H.R.P., Cabral, R.L.B., Queiroga, T.B.D. et al. The repellency effect of icaridin nanostructural solution applied on cotton knitting fabric against Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasitol Res 121, 2673–2681 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07595-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07595-4