Abstract
Learning can be categorized into cue-instructed and spontaneous learning types; however, so far, there is no detailed comparative analysis of specific brain pathways involved in these learning types. The aim of this study was to compare brain activity patterns during these learning tasks using the in vivo imaging technique of single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). During spontaneous exploratory learning, higher levels of rCBF compared to cue-instructed learning were observed in motor control regions, including specific subregions of the motor cortex and the striatum, as well as in regions of sensory pathways including olfactory, somatosensory, and visual modalities. In addition, elevated activity was found in limbic areas, including specific subregions of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the insula. The main difference between the two learning paradigms analyzed in this study was the higher rCBF observed in prefrontal cortical regions during cue-instructed learning when compared to spontaneous learning. Higher rCBF during cue-instructed learning was also observed in the anterior insular cortex and in limbic areas, including the ectorhinal and entorhinal cortexes, subregions of the hippocampus, subnuclei of the amygdala, and the septum. Many of the rCBF changes showed hemispheric lateralization. Taken together, our study is the first to compare partly lateralized brain activity patterns during two different types of learning.
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Abbreviations
- Acb:
-
Nucleus accumbens
- Acbsh:
-
n. accumbens—shell region
- Acbc:
-
n. accumbens—core region
- AH:
-
Anterior hypothalamus
- Au1:
-
Primary auditory cortex
- Au2:
-
Secondary auditory cortex
- BA:
-
Anterior basal amygdala
- BNST:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- BP:
-
Posterior basal amygdala
- CeA:
-
Central amygdala
- Cg1:
-
Cingular cortex
- CoA:
-
Cortical amygdala
- CoM:
-
Corpus mammillare
- CPu:
-
Caudate putamen
- Ect:
-
Ectorhinal cortex
- Ent:
-
Entorhinal cortex
- GP:
-
Globus pallidus
- Hip:
-
Hippocampus
- IC:
-
Inferior colliculus
- IL:
-
Infralimbic cortex
- aIn:
-
Anterior insular cortex
- pIn:
-
Posterior insular cortex
- IP:
-
Interpeduncular nucleus
- LA:
-
Lateral amygdala
- LG:
-
Lateral geniculatum
- LH:
-
Lateral hypothalamus
- LS:
-
Lateral septum
- M1:
-
Primary motor cortex
- M2:
-
Secondary motor cortex
- MeA:
-
Medial amygdala
- MG:
-
Medial geniculatum
- MH:
-
Medial hypothalamus
- MO:
-
Medial orbitofrontal cortex
- MS:
-
Medial septum
- ON:
-
Olfactory nucleus
- OT:
-
Olfactory tubercle
- PAG:
-
Periaqueductal gray
- Pir:
-
Piriform cortex
- Pn:
-
Pontine nucleus
- PRh:
-
Perirhinal cortex
- PrL:
-
Prelimbic cortex
- PTA:
-
Area pretectalis
- PtA:
-
Parietal association cortex
- RNc:
-
Raphe nuclei
- RSA:
-
Agranular retrosplenial cortex
- RSG:
-
Granular retrosplenial cortex
- S1BF:
-
Primary somatosensory cortex—barrel cortex
- S1FL:
-
Primary somatosensory cortex—forelimbs
- S1HL:
-
Primary somatosensory cortex—hindlimbs
- S1J:
-
Primary somatosensory cortex—jaw region
- S1ULp:
-
Primary somatosensory cortex—upper lip
- S2:
-
Secondary somatosensory cortex
- SC:
-
Superior colliculus
- SF:
-
Septofimbrial nucleus
- SG:
-
Subgeniculatum
- SN:
-
Substantia nigra
- Sub:
-
Subiculum
- TeA:
-
Temporal association cortex
- Tg:
-
Tegmentum
- Th:
-
Thalamus
- TS:
-
Triangular septum
- TT:
-
Taenia tecta
- V1B:
-
Primary visual cortex—binocular area
- V1M:
-
Primary visual cortex—monocular area
- V2L:
-
Secondary visual cortex—lateral
- V2M:
-
Secondary visual cortex—medial
- VG:
-
Ventral geniculatum
- VO/LO:
-
Ventral/lateral orbitofrontal cortex
- VP:
-
Ventral pallidum
- VTA:
-
Ventral tegmental area
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Acknowledgements
We thank Madeleine Stiefel for help with editorial work. This work was supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Grant No: 01KR1304B (TRANSGEN) to K.B. and Grant No: 01KR1207D (UBICA) to J.B.
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Mannewitz, A., Bock, J., Kreitz, S. et al. Comparing brain activity patterns during spontaneous exploratory and cue-instructed learning using single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of regional cerebral blood flow in freely behaving rats. Brain Struct Funct 223, 2025–2038 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-017-1605-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-017-1605-x