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Do age and sex impact on the absolute cell numbers of human brain regions?

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Abstract

What is the influence of sex and age on the quantitative cell composition of the human brain? By using the isotropic fractionator to estimate absolute cell numbers in selected brain regions, we looked for sex- and age-related differences in 32 medial temporal lobes (comprised basically by the hippocampal formation, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus), sixteen male (29–92 years) and sixteen female (25–82); and 31 cerebella, seventeen male (29–92 years) and fourteen female (25–82). These regions were dissected from the brain, fixed and homogenized, and then labeled with a DNA-marker (to count all nuclei) and with a neuron-specific nuclear marker (to estimate neuron number). Total number of cells in the medial temporal lobe was found to be 1.91 billion in men, and 1.47 billion in women, a difference of 23 %. This region showed 34 % more neurons in men than in women: 525.1 million against 347.4 million. In contrast, no sex differences were found in the cerebellum. Regarding the influence of age, a quadratic correlation was found between neuronal numbers and age in the female medial temporal lobe, suggesting an early increase followed by slight decline after age 50. The cerebellum showed numerical stability along aging for both neurons and non-neuronal cells. In sum, results indicate a sex-related regional difference in total and neuronal cell numbers in the medial temporal lobe, but not in the cerebellum. On the other hand, aging was found to impact on cell numbers in the medial temporal lobe, while the cerebellum proved resilient to neuronal losses in the course of life.

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Acknowledgments

The authors declare no competing financial interests. We acknowledge the financial support by the National Council for Development of Science and Technology (CNPq), the State Foundations for the Support of Science of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) and São Paulo (FAPESP), and the National Institute for Translational Neuroscience (INNT), including fellowships for students offered by CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education. We are grateful for the technical assistance of Ludmila Bezerra Carvalho, Camila Gomes da Silva and Emily Castro Fonseca.

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  1. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Ana V. Oliveira-Pinto, Carlos H. Andrade-Moraes, Lays M. Oliveira, Danielle R. Parente-Bruno, Raquel M. Santos, Renan A. Coutinho & Roberto Lent

  2. Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil

    Ana T. L. Alho, Renata E. P. Leite, Claudia K. Suemoto, Lea T. Grinberg, Carlos A. Pasqualucci & Wilson Jacob-Filho

  3. Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA

    Lea T. Grinberg

  4. National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Ministry of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil

    Roberto Lent

  5. Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Renata E. P. Leite, Claudia K. Suemoto & Wilson Jacob-Filho

  6. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brain Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Ana T. L. Alho

  7. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas 373, Sl. F1-31, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil

    Roberto Lent

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Oliveira-Pinto, A.V., Andrade-Moraes, C.H., Oliveira, L.M. et al. Do age and sex impact on the absolute cell numbers of human brain regions?. Brain Struct Funct 221, 3547–3559 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1118-4

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