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Multisensory aversive stimuli differentially modulate negative feelings in near and far space

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Abstract

Affect, space, and multisensory integration are processes that are closely linked. However, it is unclear whether the spatial location of emotional stimuli interacts with multisensory presentation to influence the emotional experience they induce in the perceiver. In this study, we used the unique advantages of virtual reality techniques to present potentially aversive crowd stimuli embedded in a natural context and to control their display in terms of sensory and spatial presentation. Individuals high in crowdphobic fear navigated in an auditory–visual virtual environment, in which they encountered virtual crowds presented through the visual channel, the auditory channel, or both. They reported the intensity of their negative emotional experience at a far distance and at a close distance from the crowd stimuli. Whereas auditory–visual presentation of close feared stimuli amplified negative feelings, auditory–visual presentation of distant feared stimuli did not amplify negative feelings. This suggests that spatial closeness allows multisensory processes to modulate the intensity of the emotional experience induced by aversive stimuli. Nevertheless, the specific role of auditory stimulation must be investigated to better understand this interaction between multisensory, affective, and spatial representation processes. This phenomenon may serve the implementation of defensive behaviors in response to aversive stimuli that are in position to threaten an individual’s feeling of security.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the EU FP7-ICT-2011-7 project VERVE (http://www.verveconsortium.eu/), Grant No. 288910. This work was performed within the Labex SMART (ANR-11-LABX-65) supported by French state funds managed by the ANR within the Investissements d’Avenir programme under reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02. The research leading to these results has also received funding from the program “Investissements d’avenir” ANR-10-IAIHU-06. We thank Thibaut Carpentier and Kévin Perros for their work on the elaboration of the auditory component of the virtual environment. We thank Camille Frey and Cassandra Visconti who contributed to the experimentation. We thank Nathalie George, Philippe Fossati and the SAN lab for their helpful comments during protocol elaboration.

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  1. Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son, CNRS UMR 9912, IRCAM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004, Paris, France

    Marine Taffou, Olivier Warusfel & Isabelle Viaud-Delmon

  2. Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, 47 boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013, Paris, France

    Marine Taffou & Stéphanie Dubal

  3. School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

    Jan Ondřej & Carol O’Sullivan

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  1. Marine Taffou
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Taffou, M., Ondřej, J., O’Sullivan, C. et al. Multisensory aversive stimuli differentially modulate negative feelings in near and far space. Psychological Research 81, 764–776 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-016-0774-1

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