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Silicon regulates phosphate deficiency through involvement of auxin and nitric oxide in barley roots

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Abstract

Main conclusion

Silicon application mitigates phosphate deficiency in barley through an interplay with auxin and nitric oxide, enhancing growth, photosynthesis, and redox balance, highlighting the potential of silicon as a fertilizer for overcoming nutritional stresses.

Abstract

Silicon (Si) is reported to attenuate nutritional stresses in plants, but studies on the effect of Si application to plants grown under phosphate (Pi) deficiency are still very scarce, especially in barley. Therefore, the present work was undertaken to investigate the potential role of Si in mitigating the adverse impacts of Pi deficiency in barley Hordeum vulgare L. (var. BH902). Further, the involvement of two key regulatory signaling molecules––auxin and nitric oxide (NO)––in Si-induced tolerance against Pi deficiency in barley was tested. Morphological attributes, photosynthetic parameters, oxidative stress markers (O2·−, H2O2, and MDA), antioxidant system (enzymatic––APX, CAT, SOD, GR, DHAR, MDHAR as well as non-enzymatic––AsA and GSH), NO content, and proline metabolism were the key traits that were assessed under different treatments. The P deficiency distinctly declined growth of barley seedlings, which was due to enhancement in oxidative stress leading to inhibition of photosynthesis. These results were also in parallel with an enhancement in antioxidant activity, particularly SOD and CAT, and endogenous proline level and its biosynthetic enzyme (P5CS). The addition of Si exhibited beneficial effects on barley plants grown in Pi-deficient medium as reflected in increased growth, photosynthetic activity, and redox balance through the regulation of antioxidant machinery particularly ascorbate–glutathione cycle. We noticed that auxin and NO were also found to be independently participating in Si-mediated improvement of growth and other parameters in barley roots under Pi deficiency. Data of gene expression analysis for PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (HvPHT1) indicate that Si helps in increasing Pi uptake as per the need of Pi-deficient barley seedlings, and also auxin and NO both appear to help Si in accomplishing this task probably by inducing lateral root formation. These results are suggestive of possible application of Si as a fertilizer to correct the negative effects of nutritional stresses in plants. Further research at genetic level to understand Si-induced mechanisms for mitigating Pi deficiency can be helpful in the development of new varieties with improved tolerance against Pi deficiency, especially for cultivation in areas with Pi-deficient soils.

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Data availability

Data will be available as per the request.

Abbreviations

AsA:

Ascorbate

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

CAT:

Catalase

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MDHAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching

P5CS:

Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crop Nanobiology and Molecular Stress Physiology Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India

    Nidhi Kandhol & Durgesh Kumar Tripathi

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India

    Padmaja Rai & Shivesh Sharma

  3. Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India

    Vipul Mishra & Vijay Pratap Singh

  4. Plant and Microbe Interaction Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India

    Sangeeta Pandey

  5. Functional Polymer Material Lab, Department of Chemistry, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208002, India

    Santosh Kumar

  6. Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India

    Rupesh Deshmukh

Authors
  1. Nidhi Kandhol
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  2. Padmaja Rai
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  3. Vipul Mishra
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  4. Sangeeta Pandey
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  5. Santosh Kumar
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  6. Rupesh Deshmukh
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  7. Shivesh Sharma
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  8. Vijay Pratap Singh
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  9. Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
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Contributions

DKT conceptualized the idea for the experiment. NK performed the experiment. VPS, PR, VM provided assistance in biochemical and molecular work. NK wrote the manuscript. DKT, VPS, SP, SK, RD and SS critically evaluated and edited the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Vijay Pratap Singh or Durgesh Kumar Tripathi.

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Communicated by Dorothea Bartels.

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Kandhol, N., Rai, P., Mishra, V. et al. Silicon regulates phosphate deficiency through involvement of auxin and nitric oxide in barley roots. Planta 259, 144 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-024-04364-8

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