Abstract
Purpose
The present study compared the effects of eccentric cycling (ECC) and conventional concentric cycling (CONC) training on muscle function, body composition, functional performance, and quality of life (QOL) of patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Methods
Twenty patients (age: 69.6 ± 10.1 years, forced expiratory volume in 1-s: 73.2 ± 11.4% of predicted) were randomly allocated to ECC (n = 10) or CONC (n = 10) group. They performed 12 weeks of ECC or CONC training at similar perceived exertion. The workload, heart rate (HR), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and dyspnea were monitored during cycling. Outcomes measures included maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) strength of the knee extensors, rate of force development (RFD), lower limb fat-free (LLFFM) and fat (LLFM) mass, 6-min walking test (6MWT), timed up-and-go test (TUG), stairs ascending (SAWT) and descending walking time (SDWT), and QOL assessed by the Saint George's respiratory questionnaire.
Results
ECC produced on average threefold greater (P < 0.001) workload (211.8 ± 106.0 kJ) than CONC (78.1 ± 62.6 kJ) over 34 training sessions. ECC showed 1.5 ± 2.1% greater SpO2, 24.7 ± 4.1% lower HR, and 64.4 ± 29.6% lower dyspnea in average than CONC (P < 0.001). ECC increased LLFFM (4.5 ± 6.2%; P = 0.03), while CONC decreased LLFM (3.3 ± 6.4%; P = 0.04) after training. Both ECC and CONC reduced (P < 0.05) SAWT (− 16.1 ± 9.3% vs − 10.1 ± 14.4%) and SDWT (− 12.2 ± 12.6% vs − 14.4 ± 14.7%), and improved (P < 0.05) QOL (33.4 ± 38.8 vs 26.1 ± 36.6%) similarly, but only ECC improved (P < 0.05) RFD (69–199%), TUG (13.6 ± 13.6%), and 6MWT (25.3 ± 27.7%).
Conclusion
These results suggest that ECC training with less cardio-pulmonary demands was more effective in increasing functional performance and muscle mass for COPD patients than CONC training.
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Abbreviations
- 6MWT:
-
Six-minute walking test
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- CONC:
-
Concentric cycling
- COPD:
-
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- DEXA:
-
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- DOMS:
-
Delayed onset muscle soreness
- ECC:
-
Eccentric cycling
- ES:
-
Effect size
- FEV1 :
-
Forced expiratory air volume in the first second
- FVC:
-
Forced vital capacity
- GOLD:
-
Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- kJ:
-
Kilojoule
- LLFFM:
-
Lower limb fat-free mass
- LLFM:
-
Lowe limb fat mass
- LSD:
-
Fisher's least significance difference
- MAP:
-
Maximal aerobic power
- MVC:
-
Maximal voluntary isometric contraction
- PO:
-
Power output
- QOL:
-
Quality of life
- RFD:
-
Rate of force development
- RFD50 :
-
Rate of force Development at 50 ms
- RDF100 :
-
Rate of force development at 100 ms
- RPE:
-
Rating of perceived exertion
- rpm:
-
Revolutions per minute
- SAWT:
-
Stairs ascending walking time
- SDWT:
-
Stairs descending walking time
- SGRQ:
-
Saint George’s respiratory questionnaire for COPD patients
- SpO2 :
-
Blood oxygen saturation
- TUG:
-
Timed up-and-go test
- VAS:
-
Visual analog scale
- VO2peak :
-
Peak oxygen consumption
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Funding
This work was funded by research grant awarded to L.P. (#11150293) by CONICYT of Chile.
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The manuscript was drafted and written by MI, OV, KN, and LP. GT, ON, and MK conducted the exercise protocols. LP performed the statistical analysis. MI, OV, KN, and LP reviewed the final manuscript and contributed to the discussion. LP planned the overall experimental design. All authors have contributed parts of it, as well as read and edited the final submitted version.
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A written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and Eastern Metropolitan Health Service of the city (clinical trial registration number: DRKS00009755) and conducted according to the Helsinki declaration.
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Communicated by William J. Kraemer.
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Inostroza, M., Valdés, O., Tapia, G. et al. Effects of eccentric vs concentric cycling training on patients with moderate COPD. Eur J Appl Physiol 122, 489–502 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04850-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04850-x