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Effects of normoxic and hypoxic exercise training on the bactericidal capacity and subsequent apoptosis of neutrophils in sedentary men

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Abstract

Phagocytosis and oxidative burst are essential mechanisms of innate immunity by which neutrophils eliminate invading pathogens. Afterwards, phagocytic neutrophils are dissipated by facilitating apoptosis to control inflammation. This study investigates how exercise training with or without hypoxic exposure affects the bactericidal activity and subsequent apoptosis of neutrophils following strenuous exercise. A total of 60 healthy, sedentary men were randomly divided into four groups (n = 15 in each group), who were exposed to 21% O2 [normoxic control (NC)] or 15% O2 [hypoxic control (HC)] at rest or were trained at 50% of peak work rate at 21% O2 [normoxic training (NT)] or 15% O2 [hypoxic training (HT)] for 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Before the intervention, acute strenuous exercise (SE) enhanced the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli (E. coli) by neutrophils and the release of neutrophil oxidant products in response to E. coli, accompanied by increases in the expression of adhesion molecules (CD62L, CD11b, and CD11a), an opsonic receptor (FcγIIIBR), and complement receptors (C1qRp and CD5aR) on neutrophils. Subsequently, the SE facilitated caspase-3 activation and phosphatidylserine exposure in E. coli-stimulated neutrophils. Furthermore, 4 weeks of HT promoted the expressions of adhesion molecules and opsonic/complement receptors on neutrophils, and it also augmented the bactericidal and apoptotic activities of neutrophils at rest or after SE. However, NT, HC, and NC did not influence these neutrophil-related immune responses to strenuous exercise. Therefore, we conclude that the HT regimen effectively promotes the bactericidal capacity of neutrophils, and facilitates their subsequent apoptosis both at rest and following SE.

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Abbreviations

AMS:

Acute mountain sickness

BP:

Blood pressure

C1qR:

C1q receptor

C5aR:

C5a receptor

VCO2 :

CO2 production

CR1:

Complement receptor 1

DHR-123:

Dihydrorhodamine-123

PETCO2 :

End-tidal carbon dioxide tension

PETO2 :

End-tidal oxygen tension

E. coli:

Escherichia coli

FcγIIIBR:

Fcγ receptor-type IIIB

FITC:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

GXT:

Graded exercise test

HBSS:

Hank’s balanced salt solution

HR:

Heart rate

HIF-1:

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1

HC:

Hypoxic control

HT:

Hypoxic exercise training

LFA-1:

Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1

Mac-1:

Macrophage-1 antigen

VE :

Minute ventilation

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NC:

Normoxic control

NT:

Normoxic exercise training

VO2 :

O2 consumption

PS:

Phosphatidylserine

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SaO2 :

Oxygen saturation

SE:

Strenuous exercise

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the volunteers for their enthusiastic participation in the present study.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan (Grant number NSC 105-2314-B-182-013-MY3), Chang Gung Medical Research Program (Grant number CMRPD3G0031), and the Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University (Grant number EMRPD1A0841).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rehabilitation Science, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan

    Yi-Ching Chen

  2. Healthy Aging Research Center, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Medical Collage, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan

    Wan-Yu Chou & Jong-Shyan Wang

  3. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan

    Tieh-Cheng Fu & Jong-Shyan Wang

Authors
  1. Yi-Ching Chen
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  2. Wan-Yu Chou
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  3. Tieh-Cheng Fu
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  4. Jong-Shyan Wang
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Contributions

JSW was involved in conception and design of research; YCC and WYC performed experiments; YCC, WYC, and JSW analyzed data, interpreted results of experiments, prepared the Figures, and drafted the paper; JSW, YCC, and TCF edited and revised the paper; JSW, YCC, WYC, and TCF approved the final version of paper.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jong-Shyan Wang.

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No conflicts of interest, financial, or otherwise, are declared by the authors.

Additional information

Communicated by Fabio Fischetti.

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Chen, YC., Chou, WY., Fu, TC. et al. Effects of normoxic and hypoxic exercise training on the bactericidal capacity and subsequent apoptosis of neutrophils in sedentary men. Eur J Appl Physiol 118, 1985–1995 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3935-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3935-7

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