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High-intensity aerobic interval training improves aerobic fitness and HbA1c among persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes

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Abstract

Purpose

It remains to be established how high-intensity aerobic interval training (HAIT) affects risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes (TD2). This study investigated effects of HAIT on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), glycated Hemoglobin type A1C (HbA1c), insulin resistance (IR), fat oxidation (FatOx), body weight (BW), percent body fat (%BF), lactate threshold (LT), blood pressure (BP), and blood lipid profile (BLP) among persons with T2D. Results were compared to the effects after a moderate-intensity training (MIT) program.

Methods

Thirty-eight individuals with T2D completed 12 weeks of supervised training. HAIT consisted of 4 × 4 min of walking or running uphill at 85–95% of maximal heart rate, and MIT consisted of continuous walking at 70–75% of maximal heart rate.

Results

A 21% increase in VO2max (from 25.6 to 30.9 ml kg−1 min−1, p < 0.001), and a reduction in HbA1c by −0.58% points (from 7.78 to 7.20%, p < 0.001) was found in HAIT. BW and body mass index (BMI) was reduced by 1.9% (p < 0.01). There was a tendency towards an improved FatOx at 60% VO2max (14%, p = 0.065). These improvements were significant different from MIT. Both HAIT and MIT increased velocity at LT, and reduced %BF, waist circumference, hip circumference, and BP, with no significant differences between the two groups. Correlations were found between change in VO2max and change in HbA1c when the two intervention groups were combined (R = −0.52, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

HAIT is an effective exercise strategy to improve aerobic fitness and reduce risk factors associated with T2D.

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Abbreviations

%BF:

Percent body fat

BG:

Blood glucose

BMI:

Body mass index

BP:

Blood pressure

BLP:

Blood lipid profile

BW:

Body weight

CHO:

Carbohydrate

CRF:

Cardiorespiratory fitness

CV:

Coefficient of variance

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

FatOx:

Fat oxidation

GI:

Glycemic index

HAIT:

High-intensity aerobic interval training

HbA1c:

Glycated hemoglobin type A1C

HOMA-IR:

Homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index

HRmax :

Maximal heart rate

HRpeak :

Peak heart rate

KCAL:

Kilo calories

KJ:

Kilo joules

[La−]b :

Blood lactate concentration

MIT:

Moderate-intensity continuous training

POX:

Protein oxidation

RER:

Respiratory exchange ratio

T2D:

Type 2 diabetes

TEI:

Total energy intake

VCO2 :

Volume of carbon dioxide

VO2 :

Oxygen uptake

VO2max :

Maximal oxygen uptake

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Acknowledgements

We want to acknowledge the cooperation with Mid-Telemark Health Community (Midt-Telemarkraadet) in this project. A special thanks to Jørund Verpe for contributing in the planning phase of the study, Kristin Bøen and Ingunn Stavsholt for assisting in the recruitment face of the project as well as conducting motivational conversations with the participants, and Hans Torvild Kittilsen for assisting during exercise testing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Life Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Bø, Porsgrunn, Norway

    Eva Maria Støa, Lill-Katrin Nyhus,  Glenn Strømstad, Karl Magnus Mangerud, Jan Helgerud, Solfrid Bratland-Sanda & Øyvind Støren

  2. Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Jan Helgerud

  3. Hokksund Medical Rehabilitation Center, Hokksund, Norway

    Jan Helgerud

  4. Department of Endocrinology, Stavanger University Hospital, Former Hospital of Telemark, Stavanger, Norway

    Sondre Meling

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  1. Eva Maria Støa
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Correspondence to Eva Maria Støa.

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Communicated by Anni Vanhatalo.

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Støa, E.M., Meling, S., Nyhus, LK. et al. High-intensity aerobic interval training improves aerobic fitness and HbA1c among persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol 117, 455–467 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3540-1

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