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An integrated view on the oxygenation responses to incremental exercise at the brain, the locomotor and respiratory muscles

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Abstract

In the past two decades oxygenation responses to incremental ramp exercise, measured non-invasively by means of near-infrared spectroscopy at different locations in the body, have advanced the insights on the underpinning mechanisms of the whole-body pulmonary oxygen uptake (\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\)) response. In healthy subjects the complex oxygenation responses at the level of locomotor and respiratory muscles, and brain were simplified and quantified by the detection of breakpoints as a deviation in the ongoing response pattern as work rate increases. These breakpoints were located in a narrow intensity range between 75 and 90 % of the maximal \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}\) and were closely related to traditionally determined thresholds in pulmonary gas exchange (respiratory compensation point), blood lactate measurements (maximal lactate steady state), and critical power. Therefore, it has been assumed that these breakpoints in the oxygenation patterns at different sites in the body might be equivalent and could, therefore, be used interchangeably. In the present review the typical oxygenation responses (at locomotor and respiratory muscle level, and cerebral level) are described and a possible framework is provided showing the physiological events that might link the breakpoints at different body sites with the thresholds determined from pulmonary gas exchange and blood lactate measurements. However, despite a possible physiological association, several arguments prevent the current practical application of these breakpoints measured at a single site as markers of exercise intensity making it highly questionable whether measurements of the oxygenation response at one single site can be used as a reflection of whole-body responses to different exercise intensities.

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Abbreviations

C(a-v)O2 :

Arterio-venous O2 difference

DO2 :

O2 diffusion capacity

EMGTh :

Threshold in surface electromyography

Hb:

Hemoglobin

Hct:

Hematocrit

HHb:

Concentration of deoxygenated hemo- and myoglobin

Mb:

Myoglobin

NIRS:

Near-infrared spectroscopy

O2Hb:

Concentration of oxygenated hemo- and myoglobin

PaCO2 :

Partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood

PaO2 :

Partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood

PETCO2 :

Partial pressure of end-tidal CO2

PO2 :

Partial pressure of O2

\(\dot{Q}{\text{O}}_{2}\) :

Oxygen delivery

\(\dot{Q}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{m}}}}\) :

Muscle oxygen delivery

sEMG:

Surface electromyography

TotalHb:

Summation of concentration of O2Hb and HHb

\(\dot{V}{\text{CO}}_{2}\) :

Carbon dioxide production

\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{m}}}}\) :

Muscle oxygen uptake

\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2{\rm max}}\) :

Maximal oxygen uptake

\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}\) :

Peak oxygen uptake

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. T.J. Barstow for his insightful comments and remarks.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Jan Boone & Jan G. Bourgois

  2. Center of Sports Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

    Jan Boone & Jan G. Bourgois

  3. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

    Kristof Vandekerckhove & Ilse Coomans

  4. CIAMS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France

    Fabrice Prieur

  5. CIAMS Université d’Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France

    Fabrice Prieur

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  1. Jan Boone
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  2. Kristof Vandekerckhove
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  3. Ilse Coomans
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  4. Fabrice Prieur
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  5. Jan G. Bourgois
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Correspondence to Jan Boone.

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Communicated by Nigel A. S. Taylor.

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Boone, J., Vandekerckhove, K., Coomans, I. et al. An integrated view on the oxygenation responses to incremental exercise at the brain, the locomotor and respiratory muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 116, 2085–2102 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3468-x

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