Abstract
Purpose
To investigate how psychosocial factors (such as job demands and work–family conflict) produce absenteeism in the workplace, using the health impairment process of the job demands–resources model. According to this model, job demands lead to burnout (often measured with the emotional exhaustion component), which in turn could lead to outcomes (such as absenteeism). Work–family conflict (WFC) was also studied, because of contradictory results collected in the existing literature on absenteeism in the workplace, regarding the role of WFC in causing absenteeism.
Methods
Data were collected on 245 workers using both subjective (questionnaire on psychological risk factors and work-related health) and objective data (sickness leave frequency records). To test the hypothesis that job demands and WFC contribute to absenteeism in the workplace, a subsequent mediation analysis was used, which analysed both (a) the subsequent mediation of WFC and emotional exhaustion and (b) the separate roles played by the mediators proposed (WFC and emotional exhaustion).
Results
Job demands affect absenteeism through the subsequent mediation of WFC and emotional exhaustion. In addition, emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between job demands and absenteeism, while WFC does not.
Conclusion
In conclusion, subsequent mediation highlights the role of emotional exhaustion in causing absenteeism; in fact, when emotional exhaustion is included in the analysis, job demands are associated with higher levels of absenteeism. The results of this study suggest that without the concurrent contribution of emotional exhaustion, WFC does not influence absenteeism in the workplace. Our findings are useful for organizations that aim to reduce absenteeism.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Sage, Newbury Park
Allen TD, Herst DEL, Bruck CS, Sutton M (2000) Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: a review agenda for future research. J Occup Health Psych 5:278–308. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.278
Amstad FT, Meier LL, Fasel U, Elfering A, Semmer NK (2011) A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. J Occup Health Psychol 16:151–169. doi:10.1037/a0022170
Anagnostopoulos F, Niakas D (2010) Job burnout, health-related quality of life, and sickness absence in greek health professionals. Eur Psychol 15:132–141. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000013
Bakker AB, Demerouti E (2007) The job demands–resources model: state of the art. J Manag Psychol 22:309–328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker AB, Demerouti E, de Boer E, Schaufeli WB (2003a) Job demand and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. J Vocat Behav 62:341–356. doi:10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1
Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Schaufeli W (2003b) Dual processes at work in a call centre: an application of the job demands–resources model. Eur J Work Organ Psy 12:393–417. doi:10.1080/13594320344000165
Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Euwema MC (2005) Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. J Occup Health Psych 10:170–180. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170
Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Sanz-Vergel AI (2014) Burnout and work engagement: the JD–R approach. Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav 1:389–411. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
Borgogni L, Galati D, Petitta L (2005) Il questionario Checkup organizzativo. Manuale dell’adattamento italiano. Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze
Bourbonnais R, Mondor M (2001) Job strain and sickness absence among nurses in the province of Québec. Am J Ind Med 39:194–202. doi:10.1002/1097-0274(200102)39:2<194:AID-AJIM1006>3.0.CO;2-K
Clays E, Kittel F, Godin I, De Bacquer D, De Backer G (2009) Measures of work–family conflict predict sickness absence from work. J Occup Environ Med 51:879–886. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181aa5070
Cooper CL, Liukkonen P, Cartwright S (1996) Stress prevention in the workplace: assessing the costs and benefits to organizations. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Loughlinstown
Demerouti E, Nachreiner F, Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB (2001) The job demands–resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol 86:499–512. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.499
Demerouti E, Bouwman K, Sanz-Vergel AI (2011) Job resources buffer the impact of work–family conflict on absenteeism in female employees. J Pers Psych 10:166–176. doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000044
Donders N (2005) Psychosocial workload, work-family interference and health. determinants of sick leave in University employees. Radboud University, Nijmegen
Eurofound (2012) Health and well-being at work: a report based on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey, Dublin
Frone MR, Russell M, Cooper ML (1992) Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: testing a model of the work–family interface. J Vocat Behav 50:145–167
Gospel H (2003) Quality of working life: a review of changes in work organization, condition of employment and work-life arrangements. Conditions of work and employment Series, no 1, International Labour Office. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_protect/—protrav/—travail/documents/publication/wcms_travail_pub_1.pdf. Accessed 20 February 2014
Grandey AA, Cropanzano R (1999) The conservation of resources model applied to work–family conflict and strain. J Vocat Behav 54(350):370. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1998.1666
Greenhaus JH, Beutell NJ (1985) Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Acad Manage Rev 20:76–88
Guglielmi D, Paplomatas A, Simbula S, Depolo M (2011) Prevenzione dello stress lavoro correlato: validazione di uno strumento per la valutazione dei rischi psicosociali nella scuola. Psicologia della salute 3:53–74. doi:10.3280/PDS2011-003003
Guglielmi D, Simbula S, Vignoli M, Bruni I, Depolo M, Bonfiglioli R, Tabanelli MC, Violante FS (2013) Solving a methodological challenge in work stress evaluation with the stress assessment and research toolkit (StART): a study protocol. J Occup Med Toxicol 8:18. doi:10.1186/1745-6673-8-18
Guglielmi D, Panari C, Simbula S, Mazzetti G (2014) Is it possible to motivate teacher in the Italian context? The role of resources and organizational identification. Proc Soc Behav Sci 116:1842–1847. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.481
Hammer TV, Landau J (1981) Methodological issues in the use of absence data. J Appl Psychol 66:574–581. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.66.5.574
Hayes AF (2012) PROCESS: a versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf. Accessed 12 Dec 2013
Ishizaki M, Kawakami N, Honda R, Nakagawa H, Morikawa Y, Yamada Y (2006) Psychosocial work characteristics and sickness absence in japanese employees. Int Arch Occ Env Hea 79:640–646. doi:10.1007/s00420-006-0095-6
Iverson ID, Olekalns M, Erwin PJ (1998) Affectivity, organizational stressors, and absenteeism: a causal model of burnout and its consequences. J Vocat Behav 52:1–23
Jansen NWH, Kant IJ, van Amelsvoort LGPM, Kristensen TS, Swaen GMH, Nujhuis FJN (2006) Work–family conflict as a risk factor for sickness absence. Occup Environ Med 63:488–494. doi:10.1136/oem.2005.024943
Johns G (1997) Contemporary research on absence from work: correlates, causes and consequences. Int Rev Ind Organ Psych 12:115–173
Kondo K, Kobayashi Y, Hirokawa K, Tsutsumi A, Kobayashi F, Haratani T, Araki S, Kawakami N (2006) Job strain and sick leave among Japanese employees: a longitudinal study. Int Arch Occ Env Hea 79:213–219. doi:10.1007/s00420-005-0027-x
Kristensen TS (1991) Sickness absence and work strain among Danish slaughterhouse workers: and analysis of absence from work regarded as coping behaviour. Soc Sci Med 32:15–27
Lidwall U, Marklund S, Voss M (2009) Work–family interface and long-term sickness absence: a longitudinal cohort study. Eur J Public Health 20:676–681. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp201
Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP (2001) Job burnout. Annu Rev Psychol 52:397–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Meijman TF, Mulder G (1998) Psychological aspects of workload. In: Drenth PJD, Thierry H, de Wolff CJ (eds) Handbook of work and organisational psychology, 2nd edn. Psychology Press/Erlbaum, Hove, pp 5–33
North FM, Syme SL, Feeney A, Head J, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG (1993) Explaining socioeconomic differences in sickness absence: the Whitehall II study. Brit Med J 306:361–366
Olsen KM, Dahl S (2010) Working time: implications for sickness absence and the work–family balance. Int J Soc Welf 19:45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2008.00619.x
Preacher KJ, Hayes AF (2004) SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav Res Methods Ins C 36:717–731
Presser HB (2005) Embracing complexity: work schedules and family life in a 24/7 economy. In: Bianchi S, Casper L, King R (eds) Work, family, health and well-being. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey, pp 43–48
Proost K, De Witte H, De Witte K, Schreurs B (2010) Work–family conflict and facilitation: the combined influence of the job demand–control model and achievement striving. Eur J Work Organ Psych 19:615–628. doi:10.1080/13594320903027826
Rauhala A, Kivimaki M, Fagerstrom L, Elovainio M, Virtanen M, Vahtera J et al (2007) What degree of work overload is likely to cause increased sickness absenteeism among nurses? Evidence from the RAFAELA patient classification system. J Adv Nurs 57:286–295. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04118.x
Schaufeli WB, Taris TW (2014) A critical review of the job demands–resources model: implications for improving work and health. In: Baur GF, Hämming O (eds) Bridging occupational, organizational and public health: a transdisciplinary approach. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 43–67. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_4
Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP, Maslach C, Jackson SE (1996) The MBI general survey. In: Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP (eds) Maslach burnout inventory, 3rd edn. Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto
Schaufeli WB, Bakker AB, van Rhenen W (2009) How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. J Organ Behav 30:893–917. doi:10.1002/job.595
Schütte S, Chastang J, Malard L, Parent-Thirion A, Vermeylen G, Niedhammer I (2014) Psychosocial working conditions and psychological well-being among employees in 34 European countries. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0930-0
Siegrist J, Wege N, Pühlhofer F, Wahrendorf M (2009) A short generic measure of work stress in the era of globalization: effort–reward imbalance. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82:1005–1013. doi:10.1007/s00420-008-0384-3
Simbula S, Mazzetti G, Guglielmi G (2011) Work–family conflict, burnout and work engagement among teachers: the moderating effect of job and personal resources. Avances En Psicologia Latinoamericana 29:302–316
Smulders PGV, Nijhuis FJN (1999) The job demand job control model and absence behavior: results of a 3-year longitudinal study. Work Stress 13:115–131. doi:10.1080/026783799296093
Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hahn SR, Morganstein D (2003) Cost of lots productive work time among US workers with depression. J Am Med Assoc 289:3135–3144. doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3135
Sutherland V, Cooper CL (1990) Understanding stress a psychological perspective for health professionals. Chapman and Hall Publishing, London
van Dierendonck D, Schaufeli WB, Buunk BP (2001) Burnout and inequity among human service professionals: a longitudinal study. J Occup Health Psychol 6:43–52. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.43
Wang J, Schmitz N, Smailes E, Sareen J, Patten S (2010) Workplace characteristics, depression, and health-related presenteeism in a general population sample. J Occup Environ Med 52:836–842. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181ed3d80
Xanthopoulou D, Bakker AB, Demeouti E, Schaufeli WB (2008) Working in the sky: a diary study on work engagement among flight attendants. J Occup Health Psychol 13:345–356. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.4.345
Zurlo MC, Pes D, Siegrist J (2010) Validity and reliability of the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire in a sample of 673 Italian teachers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 83:665–674. doi:10.1007/s00420-010-0512-8
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vignoli, M., Guglielmi, D., Bonfiglioli, R. et al. How job demands affect absenteeism? The mediating role of work–family conflict and exhaustion. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 89, 23–31 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-015-1048-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-015-1048-8