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The dual role of cognitive reserve in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment: a 7-year follow-up study

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cognitive reserve (CR), in progression from subjective cognitive decline (SCD) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). For this purpose, we followed up 263 patients (154 SCD; 109 MCI) for a mean time of 7 years. CR was assessed by the Test di Intelligenza Breve (TIB), functionally equivalent to the National Adult Reading Test. High CR resulted as a protective factor for progression from SCD to MCI. Age at conversion to MCI was delayed 9 years on average in SCD with high CR with respect to SCD with low CR. On the contrary, high CR resulted as a risk factor for progression from MCI to AD dementia only in APOE ε4 carriers. Conversion time from MCI to AD dementia was 3 years shorter in ε4 carriers with high CR than subjects with low CR and ε4 non-carriers with high CR. Consistent with the CR hypothesis, our results showed that higher levels of CR protect against the earliest clinical manifestations of AD. In line with the previous researches, we found an interaction between CR and APOE in progression from MCI to AD dementia.

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Abbreviations

CR:

Cognitive reserve

SCD:

Subjective cognitive decline

TIB:

Test di Intelligenza Breve

HDRS:

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

NART:

National adult reading test

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by Ministero della Salute and Regione Toscana (Grants n° GR-2010-2316359—Longitudinal clinical–neuropsychological study of subjective memory complaints).

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  1. Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy

    Salvatore Mazzeo, Sonia Padiglioni, Silvia Bagnoli, Laura Bracco, Benedetta Nacmias, Sandro Sorbi & Valentina Bessi

  2. IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy

    Sandro Sorbi

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  1. Salvatore Mazzeo
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Mazzeo, S., Padiglioni, S., Bagnoli, S. et al. The dual role of cognitive reserve in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment: a 7-year follow-up study. J Neurol 266, 487–497 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-9164-5

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