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Alkali pyroxenes and amphiboles: a window on rare earth elements and other high field strength elements behavior through the magmatic-hydrothermal transition of peralkaline granitic systems

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Abstract

Peralkaline granites and pegmatites are a prime repository of REE and HFSE, critical raw materials. Although it is accepted that magmatic processes are fundamental in concentrating these metals, the role of hydrothermal fluids in concentrating and fractionating these elements remains unclear. This paper investigates the global reproducibility of the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of alkaline silica-saturated systems using alkali pyroxene and amphiboles from six alkaline complexes. These minerals contain significant amounts of REE and other HFSE, and pyroxene is stable throughout the magmatic and hydrothermal stages. Amphibole consists of mostly unzoned arfvedsonite, leakeite, and katophorite, while pyroxene is always aegirine. Two types of aegirine were defined. In all complexes, type-I aegirine is zoned; its core is enriched in Ca, REE, Zr, Hf, Sc and Sn, and the rims in Na, Fe3+ and contains secondary rare-metal bearing minerals and fluid inclusions. Type-II aegirine replaces amphibole and is oscillatory zoned. We interpret the amphiboles and REE-rich cores of type-I aegirine to have grown during the magmatic stage, whereas the rims of REE-poorer type-I and II aegirine are formed during the hydrothermal stage. During magmatic crystallization, REE intake into amphiboles and pyroxene as well as LREE-HREE fractionation were favored by their crystallographic properties and by competition among them and other minerals. During subsequent hydrothermal stages, REE and other HFSE were remobilized, locally reconcentrated and fractionated in mineral pseudomorphs and secondary pyroxene. These observations point out the importance of studying rock-forming minerals such as pyroxenes and amphiboles to unravel geological events controlled by common processes globally.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by an INSU/TelluS grant from CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research). We thank Anthony Williams-Jones, Olga Vasyukova and Sam Broom-Fendley for providing some of the rock samples from the Strange Lake and Amis complexes and David Chew who helped with LA-ICP-MS mapping. Kathryn Goodenough provided helpful discussion. We also wish to thank CPM reviewers Charles Beard and Adrian Finch for their suggestions and constructive criticisms, which greatly improved the final version of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. GET, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France

    Cyrielle Bernard, Guillaume Estrade, Stefano Salvi & Didier Béziat

  2. School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK

    Martin Smith

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  1. Cyrielle Bernard
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  2. Guillaume Estrade
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  3. Stefano Salvi
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  4. Didier Béziat
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  5. Martin Smith
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Correspondence to Guillaume Estrade.

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Communicated by Gordon Moore.

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Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Online Resource 1 Text and maps detailing the geological background of all six studied complexes (PDF 909 kb)

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Online Resource 2 Table of standards used for calibration of EPMA and associated detection limits. Abbreviation: n.a.: not analyzed (PDF 358 kb)

Online Resource 3 Table of detection limits for in situ LA-ICPMS measurements (PDF 391 kb)

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Online Resource 4 Microprobe maps on a type-I aegirine crystal at Amis. 3 zones are distinguished: A, the core rich in Ca, Zr, Sn, Hf and poor in Na, Fe; C, sector zoning rich in Ti, Ca; and D, sector zoning rich in Fe. The thick line represents limits of the map (PDF 8397 kb)

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Online Resource 5 Microprobe maps on a type-I aegirine crystal at Evisa. 3 zones are distinguished: A, the core rich in Ca, Zr, Sn, Hf and poor in Na, Fe; C, sector zoning rich in Ti, Ca; and D, sector zoning rich in Fe. The thick line represents limits of the map (PDF 9617 kb)

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Online Resource 6 Microprobe maps on a type-I aegirine crystal at Khan Bogd. 4 zones are distinguished: A, the core rich in Ca, Zr, Sn, Hf and poor in Na, Fe; B; C, sector zoning rich in Ti, Ca; and D, sector zoning rich in Fe (PDF 8807 kb)

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Online Resource 7 Microprobe maps on a type-I aegirine crystal at Manongarivo. 3 zones are distinguished: A, the core rich in Ca, Zr, Sn, Hf and poor in Na, Fe; C, sector zoning rich in Ti, Ca; and D, sector zoning rich in Fe (PDF 10169 kb)

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Online Resource 8 Microprobe maps on a type-II aegirine crystal at Strange Lake. No core-to-rim zoning is observed, but an oscillatory zoning occurs for most elements (PDF 5758 kb)

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Bernard, C., Estrade, G., Salvi, S. et al. Alkali pyroxenes and amphiboles: a window on rare earth elements and other high field strength elements behavior through the magmatic-hydrothermal transition of peralkaline granitic systems. Contrib Mineral Petrol 175, 81 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-020-01723-y

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