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To the origin of Icelandic rhyolites: insights from partially melted leucocratic xenoliths

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Abstract

We have studied glass-bearing leucocratic (granitic to Qz-monzonitic) crustal xenoliths from the Tindfjöll Pleistocene volcanic complex, SW Iceland. The xenoliths consist of strongly resorbed relicts of anorthitic plagioclase, K-rich feldspar and rounded quartz in colorless through pale to dark-brown interstitial glass. Spongy clinopyroxene and/or rounded or elongated crystals of orthopyroxene are in subordinate amount. Magnetite, ilmenite, zircon, apatite, allanite and/or chevkinite are accessory minerals. The xenoliths more likely are relicts of earlier-formed, partially melted Si-rich rocks or quartz–feldspar-rich crystal segregations, which suffered latter interaction with hotter and more primitive magma(s). Icelandic lavas are typically low in δ 18O compared to mantle-derived, “MORB”-like rocks (~5.6 ± 0.2 ‰), likely due to their interaction with, or contamination by, the upper-crustal rocks affected by rain and glacial melt waters. Surprisingly, many quartz and feldspar crystals and associated colorless to light-colored interstitial glasses of the studied xenoliths are not low but high in δ 18O (5.1–7.2 ‰, excluding three dark-brown glasses of 4–5 ‰). The xenoliths contain abundant, low- to high-δ 18O (2.4–6.3 ‰) young zircons (U–Pb age 0.2–0.27 ± 0.03 Ma; U–Th age 0.16 ± 0.07 Ma), most of them in oxygen isotope equilibrium with interstitial glasses. The δ 18O values >5.6 ‰ recorded in the coexisting zircon, quartz, feldspar and colorless interstitial glass suggest crystallization from melts produced by fusion of crustal rocks altered by seawater, also reflecting multiple melting and crystallization events. This suggests that “normal”-δ 18O silicic magmas may not be ultimately produced by crystallization of mafic, basaltic magmas. Instead, our new single-crystal laser fluorination and ion microprobe O-isotope data suggest addition of diverse partial crustal melts, probably originated from variously altered and preconditioned crust.

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to A.V. Sobolev, K.P. Jochum, B. Stoll and U. Weis, who provided access to, and technical assistance with, electron microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS analyses at the Max Planck Institute (Mainz, Germany) and Axel Schmitt (UCLA) for his help and assistance with zircon dating and preliminary evaluation of raw data. We thank the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (Washington, DC, USA) for providing us with the standards for electron microprobe analysis and J. Valley (University of Wisconsin) for the KIM-5 zircon standard for oxygen isotopes by SIMS. The insightful reviews of Olgeir Sigmarsson and one anonymous referee helped us to substantially improve the manuscript. Editorial handling of the paper by Timothy Grove is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the NSF Grants EAR 0911093 to AAG and CAREER EAR 0805972 to IBN, by the Max Planck Society (Germany) and INSU-CNRS (France). This is CRPG contribution 2378.

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  1. Andrey A. Gurenko

    Present address: Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, UMR 7358, Université de Lorraine, 15 rue Notre-Dame des Pauvres, BP 20, 54501, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA

    Andrey A. Gurenko

  2. Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany

    Andrey A. Gurenko

  3. Department of Geological Sciences, 1272 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA

    Ilya N. Bindeman

  4. South Iceland Nature Centre, Strandvegur 50, Vestmannaeyjar, 900, Iceland

    Ingvar A. Sigurdsson

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Gurenko, A.A., Bindeman, I.N. & Sigurdsson, I.A. To the origin of Icelandic rhyolites: insights from partially melted leucocratic xenoliths. Contrib Mineral Petrol 169, 49 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1145-4

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