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Contributing risk factors of common psychiatric disorders in the Pakistani population

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Abstract

With an increasing incidence of psychiatric disorders worldwide, there is a need for a better understanding of the population-specific contributing risk factors that are associated with common psychiatric conditions. This study aimed to assess the correlation between socioeconomic, environmental and clinical features associated with major depression (MDD n = 479), bipolar disorder (BD n = 222) and schizophrenia (SHZ n = 146), in the Pakistani population. Multinomial logistic regression and Pearson’s correlation were applied to assess the association and correlation between demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and clinical features of MDD, BD and SHZ. In the present study, MDD was found to be more prevalent than BD and SHZ. The average age at onset (AAO), was observed to be earlier in females with BD and SHZ, in addition, females with a positive family history of MDD, BD and SHZ also had an earlier AAO. The fitted multinomial logistic regression model indicated a significant association of; aggression, tobacco use, drugs abuse, history of head injuries and family history with BD as compared to MDD, while insomnia and suicidality were significantly associated with MDD. Strong positive correlations were observed mainly between age/AAO, AAO/tobacco use and aggression/insomnia in all three cohorts. In conclusion, the present study identifies possible contributing socio-demographic, biological and environmental factors that are correlated and associated with the psychiatric conditions in the Pakistani population.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the subjects for their cooperation and participation in the study. We are also grateful to the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan and the staff members for their valuable support in data collection.

Funding

The study was supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (Grant No. 3738) to MA and Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 5-9/PAAS/1082) and the COMSATS core grant given to RQ. This research was also supported by COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan CRGP grant (16-38/CRGP/CIIT/ISB/17), to ZA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Park Road, Islamabad, 45600, Pakistan

    Aisha Nasir Hashmi, Zehra Agha & Maleeha Azam

  2. Science and Technology Sector, ICESCO, Rabat, Morocco

    Raheel Qamar

  3. Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Raheel Qamar

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Rizwan Taj & Usama Bin Zubair

  5. Statistics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics & Physics, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Saddam Akber Abbasi

  6. Statistical Consulting Unit, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar

    Saddam Akber Abbasi

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  1. Aisha Nasir Hashmi
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  2. Raheel Qamar
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  3. Rizwan Taj
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  4. Usama Bin Zubair
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  5. Zehra Agha
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  6. Saddam Akber Abbasi
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  7. Maleeha Azam
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Contributions

Conceptualization Ideas, ANH, MA, RQ; Data curation, ANH; Formal analysis, ANH, SAA; Funding acquisition; MA, RQ, ZA; Experimentation, ANH; Clinical assessment, RT, UBZ; Methodology, ANH; Project administration, MA, RQ; Resources, MA, RQ, ZA, SAA, RT; Validation, ANH, MA, RQ, SAA; Visualization, MA, RQ; Writing—original draft, ANH; Writing—review and editing, MA, RQ, SAA.

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Correspondence to Saddam Akber Abbasi or Maleeha Azam.

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Hashmi, A.N., Qamar, R., Taj, R. et al. Contributing risk factors of common psychiatric disorders in the Pakistani population. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 273, 963–981 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01545-y

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