Introduction

More than 500,000 patients worldwide are annually diagnosed with Head and Neck squamous cell cancer and this corresponds with 380,000 deaths each year [1]. At the same time various approaches of systemic anti-cancer modalities continue to develop in parallel with innovations in local treatment options [1]. Furthermore, awareness of early signs and symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) and efforts to shorten both patient- and health care-related delay have led to improved survival outcome [2]. It is obvious that health care professionals need to implement new strategies for both long-term HNC survivors and patients in palliative care with advanced HNC. This to provide better up to date medical care and psychological support. The literature offers many reports on the physical, psychological, social and emotional needs of patients with HNC [3]. HNC affects many aspects of life that are largely intertwined with social interaction. Eating, talking and facial appearance are factors that can be affected by HNC [4]. Therefore, the emotional distress and psychological impact are not to be underestimated in this patient group [5]. Even cancer survivors may be affected by physical problems and psychological distress affecting the quality of life [6, 7].

Palliative care service aims to optimize the quality of life in patients with advanced and complex diseases such as patients with incurable HNC. Patients with HNC generally experience a high burden of distress, and a holistic approach to meet their needs can be exemplified into a number of domains. It is recommended that medical care and supportive interventions should target the needs of the patients on an individual basis.

The European Healthcare committee (CDSP) issued recommendations regarding palliative care in 2003, and these were updated in 2013 and 2018 [8,9,10]. The current status of palliative care in Europe was assessed and recommendations for the structure of palliative care organization were discussed. These recommendations have since been updated and discussed further [10]. The World Health Organization (WHO) also recognizes palliative care as fundamental to quality of life for patients suffering from life-threatening illness and urges member states to implement palliative care policies, structure and legislation where appropriate [11].

In 2018 the Lancet Oncology Commission issued a consensus paper on the role of palliative care in the treatment of cancer. Suggestions were made to improve the current status of palliative care in Europe by means of multidisciplinary team efforts and standardized care pathways for all patients [12]. In addition, a policy position paper published in 2017 by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) advocated for more patient-centred care throughout the whole treatment continuum, from diagnosis to rehabilitation/survivorship or end-of-life care [13]. A multidisciplinary treatment approach was suggested to be integrated in all cancer treatment. Focus should not only be on cancer treatment and survivorship, but also on the integration of other posttreatment aspects. Early-integrated palliative care is strongly promoted to be made available for this patient population.

Furthermore, an evaluation in 2016 by the European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC), considered palliative care in all Nordic countries to be of second highest or highest possible standard of development with Iceland, Norway and Sweden in the top [14]. However, a study from 2018 in Denmark on extended hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy for patients with HNC pointed out the lack of structured palliative regimens within radiotherapy for these patients [15]. Instead, the treatment was shown to be based on local traditions and infrastructure settings at each center. In addition, indications for palliative cancer surgery in this patient group has been under debate for some time [16]. Both quality of life and cost–benefit analyses are not yet fully scrutinized for HNC patients with palliative care and with a short life-expectancy [17, 18].

A Cochrane review from 2017 looked at early palliative treatment for patients with advanced disease [19]. The intent was to compare traditional palliative care with early-integrated palliative care for adult patients with advanced disease. The results suggested that early palliative interventions improved quality of life and symptom burden but had uncertain effects on the incidence of e.g. depression. No major adverse effects were recorded. However, the results need cautious evaluation since only a few, small studies exist within this particular field. Thirty ongoing studies are suggested to increase the certainty behind the results [19].

No worldwide consensus exists on how palliative care should be organized for patients with advanced HNC disease [20]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current status of the organization of HNC palliative care in the Nordic countries where the treatment of these malignancies is centralized to the university hospitals [21].

Materials and methods

A questionnaire with both open and multiple-choice questions was designed to identify characteristics of palliative HNC care at the Nordic university hospitals. The items concerned data on the volume of referral area population and number of HNC patients, practices of a multidisciplinary tumor board (MDT) meeting, availability of palliative care professionals, consultants, or teams and access to palliative care units, home team or hospice as well as whether there were guidelines for this domain of HNC care.

The questionnaire was sent to the Departments of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery (ORL—HNS), and Oncology at all university hospitals in the Nordic countries representing a referral area population of approximately 27 million people (Table 1). The survey was open between May 2018–May 2019 and reminders were sent to non-replying centers. All university hospitals in Denmark (4), Finland (5), Iceland (1), Norway (4), and Sweden (7) responded. All departments of oncology and 20 out of the 21 departments of ORL HNS responded. Oncologists and ORL—Head and Neck surgeons were set to answer specific questions in the questionnaire. Number of new annual HNC patients in each country was obtained from national cancer registries.

Table 1 University hospitals (n = 21) in the Nordic countries with the size of the referral area population and the annual number of new HNC patients
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Results

Multidisciplinary tumor board

All of the centers in the Nordic countries have an MDT meeting. All centers, with the exception of one, answered that over 90% of their patients are discussed at an MDT meeting. The majority (20/21, 95%) of the centers answered that no palliative care specialist is present at their MDT meeting.

Referral, follow-up and guidelines

Thirteen (13/21, 62%) centers had no or little knowledge about how many patients are being referred to specialized palliative care (Table 2). Follow-up of patients with no curative treatment options is performed to an equal extent by oncologists and ORL—Head and Neck surgeons in the Nordic countries. One-fourth of the ORL—Head and Neck surgeons answered that they follow these patients by themselves, 60% occasionally and 15% do not see these patients during follow-up. One-third of the oncologists responded seeing these patients often, 53% occasionally and 14% do not see these patients during follow-up. The majority of the centers (15/21, 72%) were aware of their national guidelines for palliative care. Three (14%) centers have local guidelines, and three (14%) have no guidelines for palliative care (Table 2).

Table 2 Responds regarding organization of palliative care
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Palliative care services

Different options for palliative care are available for the patients with HNC in the Nordic countries. Several of the centers answered that they have access to specialized palliative care units (n = 14; 67%), teams (n = 10; 48%), and consultants (n = 4; 19%) (Table 3). Eight (38%) centers answered that they are responsible themselves for the palliative care at their center (Table 3). Specialized palliative care units at university and non-university hospital level, specialized palliative homes care teams, and hospice facilities are available resources for these patients. Thus, the availability of these resources varies among the centers (Table 3). Advanced surgery with palliative intent is performed in the Nordic countries. Two (10%) centers answered that this is performed often, 12 (60%) centers occasionally and six (30%) do not offer this possibility.

Table 3 Organization of palliative care for HNC patients at 21 Nordic university hospitals
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Organization of palliative care

Most centers answered that their palliative care is well organized and functioning. There was no difference in the opinions between the oncologists and ORL—Head and Neck surgeons. Only two (9,5%) centers regarded their palliative care as not well organized. Nine (43%) centers have a website describing the arrangement of palliative care.

Suggestions for improvement of the palliative care at these centers included better collaboration with primary healthcare and other sectors of society, standardized care pathways, and better access to specialized palliative home care. To develop the collaboration between primary care and hospital care, primary care givers (e.g. general practitioners, nurses) were suggested to take part in the MDT meetings. Further, increasing the available economic resources was suggested as a means to improve the quality of palliative care.

Discussion

A web-based survey was applied to investigate the status of the organization of palliative HNC care at all university hospitals in the five Nordic countries. The results demonstrate a limited structure for HNC palliative care at these centers. In the majority of the university hospitals specialized palliative care services are available for patients with advanced HNC (Table 3). However, the lack of a structured care pathway was evident at many centers. Further, there seems to be an insufficient collaboration between the treating specialists and the specialized palliative care teams (Table 2).

The number of studies on HNC palliative care and the general awareness of the existing recommendations are rather limited [22]. A recent report analysed the practices and outcomes in Scotland in a series of 84 patients with HNC who had been recommended treatment with palliative intent at the multidisciplinary tumor board (MDT) meeting [23]. The study was the first to specifically look at a systematic palliative intervention and survival in patients with HNC in a real-life setting. The data showed that 21.5% of the patients discussed at the MDT were primarily offered palliative care. Their mean survival time was 151 days and survival up to 18 months was recorded. The long-term survival for patients with incurable advanced disease emphasizes the importance of a well-organized and structured palliative care for this patient group [24].

In a recent population-based study in Sweden approximately 9% of patients were considered for palliative care at the time diagnosis of HNC [25], which is less than reported in the study by Begbie et al. [23].

Palliative care has been redefined not only as end-of-life care but instead, it aims at being a more integrated part of all oncological treatment, and thus collaboration between the treating teams is essential [12]. International professional organizations such as WHO, ESMO, OECD and ESTRO have already identified the need for structured integration of palliative care in national cancer programs [11,12,13]. The need for an increased knowledge in this field is emphasized.

Even though health care is rather homogenous in the Nordic countries, especially the access to care, the university hospitals are independent units and differences exist across HNC centers within a country and between countries. Structured national palliative care pathways for patients with HNC in the Nordic countries are mainly non-existing at the moment. The goal of equal cancer treatment to all patients could be more easily met and monitored with standardized palliative care pathways for this patient population. This could also contribute to improved research possibilities and evaluation of quality assurance aspects. In the UK, official guidelines for a structured care of HNC patients in palliative care were adapted in 2016 [26]. These guidelines include specific recommendations and care pathways. The existing national guidelines for the management of patients in palliative care with HNC in the Nordic countries offer a suitable platform where such recommendations can be included. In addition, there is an on-going centralization of medical care in several Nordic countries run by governments with the aim to offer a health care system on equal terms.

Selective subgroups of patients with HNC have a relatively short life expectancy and a heavy symptom burden of their disease and, therefore, treatment with the risk of long-term hospitalization, increased morbidity, or even mortality, should be avoided [20, 21, 23, 25]. Thus, the role of a specialized palliative care team is essential in the expanded HNC managing organization. It could be suggested that a palliative team or specialist should be present at each MDT when needed to enhance competence within pain relief, anxiety, psychosocial distress as well as contact with community care. In the occasion of these patients needing extensive palliative care interventions, the care is already initiated and can easily be intensified. Palliative care teams collaborate more frequently with community palliative care providers to guarantee specialized home care and later also end-of-life care. This will further improve communication between hospital care and home care.

Conclusion

The model of a structured palliative HNC care consists of an organized collaboration between different oncological treatment units or groups. Surgeons, oncologists and palliative care specialists should all collaborate to facilitate individualized treatment for each patient in a palliative situation. This study points out that some of the desired collaboration is currently lacking in the Nordic countries. We suggest that palliative care specialists and/or teams could be integrated into the MDT meetings since early integrated palliative care is to be considered for these patients. The aim should be to establish national standardized palliative care pathways for patients with HNC. These would ideally include the consideration of early integrated palliative care and a systematic referral of all patients with advanced persistent HNC to specialized palliative care teams. Integration of palliative care in the current standardized care pathways for HNC could be recommended to be applied in all Nordic countries.