Abstract
This paper discusses the gelation of polyvinylbutyral (PVB) solutions by the addition of tetrabutyl orthotitanate. The addition of around 0.10 vol.% tetrabutyl orthotitanate to an ethanol-based PVB solution already causes a pronounced gelation. For the characterization of this gelation reaction, different rheological measurements are used. The characterization is mainly performed in the linear viscoelastic regime. Time sweeps prove the stability of the samples during the measuring time. Frequency sweeps are used to investigate the state of gelation after different reaction times as well as the dependence of the degree of the gelation on the tetrabutyl orthotitanate concentration. Furthermore, the gelation point is determined by measuring the loss factor tan δ as a function of frequency. A strong influence of water on the degree of gelation is shown; by the addition of different amounts of water, the gelation can be controlled or even avoided. Amplitude sweeps reveal the breakdown of certain network structures at high amplitudes which recover after the strain is lowered.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn KH, Osaki K (1994) A network model predicting the shear-thickening behavior of a poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium borate aqueous solution. J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 55:215–227
Brennan AB, Wang B, Rodrigues DE, Wilkes GL (1991) Structure-property behavior of novel Ti/poly(tetramethylene oxide)(PTMO) and Zr/PTMO hybrid CERAMER materials prepared by the sol gel method. J Inorg Organomet Polym 1(2):167– 187
Burda C, Chen X, Narayanan R, El-Sayed MA (2005) Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem Rev 105:1025–1102
Chen HS, Kumar RV (2012) Sol-gel TiO 2 in self-organization process: growth, ripening and sintering. RSC Adv 2:2294–2301
Cushing BL, Kolesnichenko VL, O’Connor CJ (2004) Recent advances in the liquid-phase syntheses of inorganic nanoparticles. Chem Rev 104:3893–3946
Day VW, Eberspacher TA, Klemperer WG, Part CW (1993) Dodecatitanates: a new family of stable polyoxotitanates. J Am Chem Soc 115:8469–8470
Glaser RH, Wilkes GL (1989) Polymer modified mixed metal alkoxide-metal acetyl acetonate sol-gel materials. Polym Bull 22 (5-6):527–532
Hafizah N, Sopyan I (2009) Nanosized TiO2 photocatalyst powder via sol-gel method: effect of hydrolysis degree on powder properties. Int J Photoenergy. doi:10.1155/2009/962783
Hatayama H, Swabe T, Kurokawa YJ (1996) Immobilization of urease on composite fibre by using a gel formation of cellulose acetate and titanium isopropoxide. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 7:13–17
He L, Fullenkamp DE, Rivera JG, Messersmith PB (2011) pH responsive self-healing hydrogels formed by boronate-catechol complexation. Chem Commum 47:7497–7499
Huang HH, Orler B, Wilkes GL (1985) Ceramers: hybrid materials incorporating polymeric/oligomeric species with inorganic glasses by a sol-gel process. Polym Bull 14:557–564
Huang HH, Orler B, Wilkes GL (1987) Structure-property behavior of new hybrid materials incorporating oligomeric species into sol-gel glasses, 3. Effect of acid content, tetraethoxysilane content, and molecular weight of poly(dimethysiloxane). Marcomolecules 20:1322–1330
Hyun K, Kim H, Ahn KH, Lee SJ (2002) Large amplitude oscillatory shear as a way to classify the complex fluids. J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 107:51–65
Inoue T, Osaki K (1993) Rheological properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium borate aqueous solutions. Rheol Acta 32:550–555
Kurokawa Y, Ohta H, Okubo M, Takahashi M (1994) Formation and use in enzyme immobilization of cellulose acetate-metal alkoxide gels. Carbohydr Polym 23(1):1–4
Kraft A, Rottmann M (2009) Properties, performance and current status of the laminated electrochromic glass of Gesimat. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cell 93:2088–2092
Macwan DP, Pragnesh PN, Chaturvedi S (2011) A review on nano TiO2 sol-gel type syntheses and its applications. J Mater Sci 46:3669–3686
Mauritz KA, Jones CK (1990) Novel poly(n-butyl methacrylate)/titanium oxide alloys produced by the sol-gel process for titanium alkoxides. J Appl Polym Sci 40:1401–1420
Morissette SL, Lewis JA (1999) Chemorheology of aqueous-based alumina-poly(vinyl alcohol) gelcasting suspensions. J Am Ceram Soc 82:521–528
Meulenkamp EA (1998) Synthesis and growth of ZnO nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 102:5566–5572
Nakane K, Ohashi J, Suzuki F (1999) Preparation and properties of a composite of poly(vinyl butyral) and titania. J Appl Polym Sci 71:185–188
Periyat P, Laffir F, Tofail SAM, Magner E (2011) A facile aqueous sol-gel method for high surface area nanocrystalline CeO 2. RSC Adv 1:1794–1798
Raghavan SR, Khan SA (1997) Shear-thickening response of fumed silica suspensions under steady and oscillatory shear. J Colloidal Interface Sci 185:57–67
Roosen A (2012) Tape casting, chapter 2. In: Riedel R, Chen I W (eds) Ceramics science and technology. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 39–62. doi:10.1002/9783527631957
Sanchez C, Julian B, Belleville P, Popall M (2005) Applications of hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites. J Mater Chem 15:3559–3592
Schottner G (2001) Hybrid sol-gel derived polymers: applications of multifunctional materials. Chem Mater 13:3422–3435
Schubert U, Hüsing N, Lorenz A (1995) Hybrid inorganic-organic materials by sol-gel processing of organofunctional metal alkoxides. Chem Mater 7:2010–2027
Schubert U (2005) Chemical modification of titanium alkoxides for sol-gel processing. J Mater Chem 15:3701–3715
Sim HG, Ahn KH, Lee SJ (2003) Large amplitude oscillatory shear behavior of complex fluids investigated by a network model: a guideline for classification. J Now-Newtonian Fluid Mech 112:237–250
Straue N, Rauscher M, Dressler M, Roosen A (2012) Tape casting of ITO green tapes for flexible electroluminescent lamps. J Am Ceram Soc 95:684–689
Vatankhah-Varnoosfaderani M, GhavamiNejad A, Hashmi S, Stadler FJ (2013) Mussel-inspired pH-triggered reversible foamed multi-responsive gel—the surprising effect of water. Chem Commun 49:4685–4687
Wang B, Wilkes GL (1991) New Ti-PTMO and Zr-PTMO creamer hybrid materials prepared by the sol gel method: synthesis and characterization. J Poly Sc: Part A: Poly Chem 29:905–909
Wen J, Wilkes GL (1996) Organic/inorganic hybrid network materials by the sol-gel approach. Chem Mater 8:1667–1681
Winter HH (1987) Can the gel point of a cross-linking polymer be detected by the G’–G” crossover Polym Eng Sci 27:1698–1702
Young AC, Omatete OO, Janney MA, Menchhofer PA (1991) Gelcasting of alumina. J Am Ceram Soc 74:612–618
Yziguel F, Carreau PJ, Tanguy PA (1999) Non-linear viscoelastic behavior of fumed silica suspensions. Rheol Acta 38:14–25
Zou H, Wu S, Shen J (2008) Polymer/silica nanocomposites: preparation, characterization, properties and applications. Chem Rev 108:3893–3957
Acknowledgments
Prof. Dr. F.J. Stadler, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, is thanked for helpful discussions and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) for the funding (Graduiertenkolleg 1161/1).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wegener, M., Kaschta, J., Münstedt, H. et al. Gelation of polyvinylbutyral solutions by the addition of tetrabutyl orthotitanate. Rheol Acta 53, 635–643 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-014-0784-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-014-0784-0