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The miR-182/Myadm axis regulates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by balancing the BMP- and TGF-β-signalling pathways in an SMC/EC-crosstalk-associated manner

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Abstract

We recently identified oncologic miR-182 as a new regulator of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) that targets myeloid-associated differentiation marker (Myadm), which is expressed in bone marrow stem cells and multipotent progenitors. Both miR-182 and Myadm are expressed in the cardiopulmonary system and correlated with the balance between the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathways, which are disturbed in PAH. We hypothesize that miR-182/Myadm are involved in BMP-TGF-β-signalling way in PAH. Hypoxia triggered pathological progression in cardiopulmonary PAH in vivo and in vitro; these changes were accompanied by strongly dowregulated BMP/SMAD1/5/8 expression and enhanced TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signalling pathway, favouring SMAD4/SMAD2 transcript formation and inhibiting the PAH negative regulator Id1 expression. miR-182 gain-of-function significantly inhibited the pathological progression in hypoxia-induced PAH (HPH) in vivo and in vitro, with a restoration of the balance in BMP-TGF-β signalling pathway. This recovery was abrogated by overexpression of Myadm. Conversely, loss-of-function of miR-182 increased the pathological progression of HPH followed by severe disturbance of BMP and TGF-β signal transduction and reduced Id1 expression, which was restored by Myadm knockdown. We also showed that the miR-182/Myadm relate BMP-TGF-β pathway is associated with NOS3/NO/cGMP via the crosstalk between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Our findings further support the therapeutic significance of miR-182/Myadm in PAH via the balance of BMP- and TGF-β-associated mechanisms.

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Funding

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation (Grant number: 82070056), the Open Project of the National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (NCRCG-PLAGH-2019025), and the grant from the National Key Technologies R&D Program for New Drugs of China (no. 2018ZX09J18109-004).

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Author notes

  1. Co-first authors: Yongyi Bai, Jingrong Wang, Ying Chen and Tingting Lv.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China

    Yongyi Bai

  2. Beijing Key Laboratory for Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China

    Yongyi Bai, Chunlei Liu & Kunlun He

  3. Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, China

    Jingrong Wang, Ying Chen, Tingting Lv & Lan Sun

  4. Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuWai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167, Beilishi Road, Beijing, 100037, China

    Xiaojian Wang

  5. Translational Medicine Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

    Chunlei Liu

  6. Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

    Hao Xue

  7. Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China

    Kunlun He

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Contributions

LS, YB, KH and HX designed the study and produced the initial draft of the manuscript. LS, YC, JW and TL contributed to the haemodynamic measurements. YC and X produced animal models of PAH. LS, YB and CL carried all in vitro experiments and collected the data. YB carried out data analyses. LS, YB, and KH contributed to funding acquisition. LS, and YB contributed to response of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final submitted manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hao Xue, Kunlun He or Lan Sun.

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395_2021_892_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Fig. SI1 The study design of Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. a. A preliminary experiment was established by placing the rats in hypobaric hypoxic chambers (0.5 atm) with simulated altitude of 18,000 ft (10% O2) to mediate a hypoxia-mediated pulmonary hypertension. At the beginning, 32 rats were placing in the chambers. After hypoxia exposure (about 0 days, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days), rats were weighed and anaesthetized for the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) examination by right-sided heart catheterization to check whether the HPH model is successfully established or not. Two rats died because of intolerance of hypoxia on Day 21. b. The schematic diagram of miR-182/Myadm treatment in rats in pulmonary artery remodelling in hypobaric hypoxic chambers. On D0, Rats treated with either recombinant adenovirus expressing Myadm, or shRNA against Myadm or control virus at a dose of 2×1010 pfu/kg followed by tail vein injection with the miR-182 mimic-overexpressing adenovirus or miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing adenovirus control at a dose of 2×1010 pfu/kg were then placed in the hypobaric hypoxic chambers to be exposed to hypoxia (10% PO2) for 3 weeks. The chamber was flushed with a mixture of room air and nitrogen and was opened on the alternate day during health check and feeding. Normoxic control rats (normoxia) were kept at sea level altitude under the same light–dark cycle received injections with an equal volume of DMSO vehicle. On Day12, rats were re-treated with the recombinant adenovirus as indicated in the panel c. c. Grouping (treated with virus as indicated), exposure to normoxia (or hypoxia) and numbers (N) of rats in each group at the beginning of experiment and the numbers of rats died from intolerance of hypoxia or weakness or anaesthetization. (TIF 12097 KB)

395_2021_892_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Fig. S2 miR-182 and Myadm regulate migration in response to hypoxia and TGF-β in PA-SMCs. a-b: Quiescent rat PA-SMCs were transfected with recombinant adenovirus expressing the Myadm gene (Ad-Myadm) or control vector and then transfected with the recombinant adenovirus of miR-182 mimic (miR-182) at a concentration of 30 MOI per cell. c-d: Quiescent rat PA-SMCs were transfected with recombinant adenovirus expressing the specific shRNA of Myadm gene (shRNA) or control virus and then transfected with recombinant adenovirus containing miR-182 inhibitor (miR-182 inhibitor) at a concentration of 30 MOI per cell. MOI: multiplicity of infection. Then, the cells were stimulated with TGF-β (5 ng/mL) or exposed to hypoxia (0.1% PO2) for the next 24 h for cell migration detection using a wound-healing assay. The images are shown at 10× magnification. Bar indicates 100 μm. Four different fields of migration were photographed with a video camera system, and migration was analysed using Image-Pro Plus 5.1 software at the intersection of the previously marked line and the wound edge before and after exposure to hypoxia or treatment with TGF-β for 24 h. Migration was expressed as the change in covered area. The results are expressed as the mean ±SD. n=6 *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with control virus and exposed to normoxia or treated with solvent control. #p<0.05, ##<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with control virus in response to TGF-β or hypoxia exposure. $ p<0.05, $$<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with miR-182/miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus in response to TGF-β or hypoxia exposure. n=6 per group. (TIF 5258 KB)

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Fig. S3 miR-182/Myadm regulates PASMC proliferation in response to hypoxia. Quiescent rat PA-SMCs were transfected with different recombinant adenoviruses as indicated. Then, cells were exposed to hypoxic conditions (0.1% PO2) for the next 48 h to detect cell proliferation using an EdU incorporation assay. Red fluorescence indicated positive cells (DNA incorporation), and DAPI was employed to detect the nuclei. The images are shown at 20×magnification. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with control virus. #p<0.05, ##<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with control virus and subjected to hypoxia. $ p<0.05, $$<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with miR-182/miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and subjected to hypoxia. n=6 per group. (TIF 5267 KB)

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Fig. SI4 miR-182/Myadm regulates proliferation in response to TGF-β. Quiescent rat PA-SMCs were transfected with different recombinant adenoviruses at a concentration of 30 MOI per cell as indicated. Then, the cells were stimulated with TGF-β (5 ng/mL). The EdU incorporation assay was used to detect proliferating cells. Red fluorescence indicated positive cells (DNA incorporation), and DAPI was employed to detect the nuclei. The images are shown at 20×magnification. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with control virus and treated with control solvent. #p<0.05, ##<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs treated with miR-182/miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and treated with TGFβ. $ p<0.05, $$<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with miR-182/miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and treated with TGFβ. n=6 per group (TIF 4881 KB)

395_2021_892_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Fig. SI5 Overexpression of miR-182 regulates right ventricular remodelling and hypertrophy in rats with HPH by targeting Myadm. Rats treated with recombinant adenovirus as indicated and then were exposed to hypoxia (10% PO2) or normoxia. Whole heart samples were embedded in paraffin, sliced into 5-μm sections and stained with HE (a); the bar indicates 5 mm. Sirius red (d) and wheat germ agglutinin (e) staining followed by examination with a light microscope (Nikon) were used to detect disrupted collagen deposition and myocardial fibrosis. DAPI was employed to detect the nuclei (e). The ratio of heart weight to body weight (b) and right ventricular hypertrophy (c) (shown as the weight ratio of right ventricle to left ventricle plus interventricular septal, R/(L+S)) were detected. The results are expressed as the mean ±SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs the rats injected with control virus. #p<0.05, ##<0.01 vs the rats treated with miR-182-overexpressing virus and exposed to normoxia. $ p<0.05, $$<0.01 vs the rats treated with miR-182-overexpressing virus and subjected to hypoxia. n=6-8 per group as indicated in Fig. SI1 (TIF 6277 KB)

395_2021_892_MOESM6_ESM.tif

Fig. SI6 Knockdown of miR-182 regulates right ventricular remodelling and hypertrophy in rats with HPH via overexpression of Myadm. Rats treated with either recombinant adenovirus as indicated were exposed to hypoxia (10% PO2) or normoxia. Whole heart samples were embedded in paraffin, sliced into 5-μm sections and stained with HE (a), bar indicates 5 mm. Sirius red (d) and wheat germ agglutinin (e) staining followed by examination with a light microscope (Nikon) were used to detect disrupted collagen deposition and myocardial fibrosis. The ratio of heart weight to body weight (b) and right ventricular hypertrophy (c) (shown as the R/(L+S)) were detected. The results are expressed as the mean ±SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs the rats injected with control virus. #p<0.05, ##<0.01 vs the rats treated with miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and exposed to normoxia. $ p<0.05, $$<0.01 vs the rats treated with miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and then subjected to be exposure to hypoxia. n=6-8 per group as indicated in Fig. SI1 (TIF 12257 KB)

395_2021_892_MOESM7_ESM.tif

Fig. SI7 miR-182 regulates the expression of critical factors in the BMP and TGF-β signalling pathways in PA-SMCs in a Myadm-dependent manner in response to hypoxia. Quiescent rat PA-SMCs were transfected with different recombinant adenoviruses at a concentration of 30 MOI per cell as indicated. Then, the cells were stimulated with TGF-β (5 ng/mL) or exposed to hypoxic conditions (0.1% PO2). 24 hours later, total RNA from PASMCs was extracted, and the relative mRNA expression levels of miR-182, Myadm (a), BMP2 (b, left panels), BMP4 (c, left panels), Id1 (d) and p21/Cip1 (e) to those from the control PASMCs (X-fold) were detected. β-Actin was used as a loading control. The supernatant of PASMCs was collected, and the relative expression levels of BMP2/4 were measured using ELISA kits (b, c right panels). The results are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with control virus and exposure to normoxia condition. #p<0.05, ##<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs treated with miR-182/miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and subjected to be exposure to hypoxia. $ p<0.05, $$<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with miR-182/miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and then subjected to be exposure to hypoxia. n=6 per group. (TIF 3909 KB)

395_2021_892_MOESM8_ESM.tif

Fig. SI8 miR-182 regulates the expression of critical factors in the BMP-TGF-β signalling transduction pathway in a Myadm-dependent manner in response to TGFβ in PA-SMCs. Quiescent rat PA-SMCs were transfected with different recombinant adenoviruses as indicated. Then, the cells were stimulated with TGF-β (5 ng/mL) or solvent control. The relative mRNA expression levels of BMP2 (a, left panels), BMP4 (b, left panels), Id1 (c) and p21/Cip1 (d) compared to those from the control PA-SMCs (X-fold) were detected. β-Actin was used as loading control. The supernatant of PA-SMCs was collected, and the relative expression levels of BMP2/4 were measured using ELISA kits (a, b right panels). The results are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs infected with control virus and treated with control solvent. #p<0.05, ##<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs treated with miR-182/miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and treated with TGF-β. $ p<0.05, $$<0.01 vs PA-SMCs infected with miR-182/miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and treated with TGF-β. n=6 per group. (TIF 3582 KB)

395_2021_892_MOESM9_ESM.tif

Fig. SI9 The change of MiR-182/Myadm in PA-ECs regulates the SMAD1/5/8-SMAD2/3 signalling transduction way in PA-SMCs. a. The schematic diagram of a coculture of human PA-EC and PA-SMC that was performed using a Transwell cell culture insert chamber as indicated. PA-ECs: pulmonary artery endothelial cells, PA-SMCs: pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Transwell chamber contains a membrane with 0.4 µm pores which prevented cells from direct contact. Briefly, the PA-SMCs (1×105 cells/well) were added to in the bottom of the 24-well plates. The Transwell system were inserted as indicated in panel a. the PA-ECs infected with the recombinant adenovirus vectors as indicated for 48 hours and then were seeded in the upper compartment of the Transwell inserts at a concentration of 4×104 cells/well. Hence, the coculture system contains the PA-SMCs in the bottom compartment and the PA-ECs in the upper compartment. Then, the coculture systems were exposed to hypoxia (0.1% PO2) for the next 24 h, the cell supernatant were collected for cGMP detection using ELISA kit (b) and the PA-SMC lysates were collected for the measurement of the phosphorous levels of SMAD1/5/8 and SMAD2/3 (c,d) using Western Blotting. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs cocultured with PA-ECs infected with control virus. #p<0.05, ##<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs cocultured with PA-ECs infected with control virus and subjected to hypoxia. $ p<0.05, $$<0.01 vs the PA-SMCs cocultured with PA-ECs infected with miR-182/miR-182 inhibitor-overexpressing virus and subjected to hypoxia. n=6 per group. (TIF 5856 KB)

395_2021_892_MOESM10_ESM.tif

Fig. SI10. Western blotting images of protein expression. (a). The blotting images of Myadm, BMPR2, HIF-1α, β-Actin, GAPDH, phosphorous-SMAD2/3 (p-SMAD2/3), phosphorous-SMAD1/5/8 SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/8 from the lungs in HPH rats as were indicated in Fig. 6g and 7g. (b). The blotting images of Myadm, HIF1α, phosphorous-NOS3, NOS3 and GAPDH in PA-ECs in the coculture of we indicated in Fig.9d and e. (c). The blotting images of phosphorous-SMAD2/3 (p-SMAD2/3), phosphorous-SMAD1/5/8 SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/8, GAPDH and β-Actin in PA-SMCs as we indicated in Fig.SI10 c,d. (TIF 1511 KB)

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Bai, Y., Wang, J., Chen, Y. et al. The miR-182/Myadm axis regulates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by balancing the BMP- and TGF-β-signalling pathways in an SMC/EC-crosstalk-associated manner. Basic Res Cardiol 116, 53 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-021-00892-6

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