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Wholegrain intake, growth and metabolic markers in Danish infants and toddlers: a longitudinal study

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Abstract

Purpose

Wholegrain intake is linked to lower risk of lifestyle diseases, but little is known about its role in growth and metabolic health during the first years of life. We characterized wholegrain and dietary fibre intake in 439 Danish children at 9 and 36 months of age and explored associations with height z-scores (HAZ), body mass index z-scores (BMIZ) and metabolic markers.

Methods

We used pooled data from two infant cohorts and estimated intakes of total wholegrain, dietary fibre and wholegrain subtypes from 7-day dietary records. Associations with HAZ, BMIZ and non-fasting plasma low-density (LDLC) and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, insulin and glucose were analysed in mixed models, adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Median (25th, 75th percentile) wholegrain intake was 7.5 (4.9, 10.5) and 6.5 (4.6, 9.0) g/MJ at 9 and 36 months. Neither wholegrain nor dietary fibre intake were associated with HAZ (P ≥ 0.09). At 36 months, wholegrain intake was inversely associated with LDLC (P = 0.05) and directly with glucose (P < 0.001). In secondary analyses, wholegrain rye was inversely associated with glucose at 9 months and insulin at 36 months (both P ≤ 0.03). Oat and wheat wholegrain were directly associated with glucose (both P ≤ 0.01) and wheat with BMIZ (P = 0.02) at 36 months.

Conclusion

Danish infants and toddlers have high intakes of wholegrain and dietary fibre, with no indication of compromised growth. In line with studies in adults, wholegrain intake was inversely associated with LDLC. The observed direct association between wholegrain intake and plasma glucose and associations with wholegrain subtypes should be investigated further.

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Upon request, the research data can be shared with editors and reviewers in a de-identified form for verification of the research results.

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Funding

The work was supported by Independent Research Fund Denmark∣Health and disease. The SKOT-I cohort was funded by The Directorate for Food, Fisheries and Agri Business as part of the project “Complementary and young child feeding (CYCF)—impact on short and long term development and health.” The SKOT-II cohort was supported by grants from the Aase and Ejnar Danielsens Foundation and the Augustinus Foundation and partly by contributions from the research program “Governing Obesity” under the University of Copenhagen Excellence Program for Interdisciplinary Research (www.go.ku.dk).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark

    Marie T. B. Madsen, Lotte Lauritzen, Kim F. Michaelsen & Camilla T. Damsgaard

  2. Research Group for Nutrition, Sustainability and Health Promotion, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

    Anja P. Biltoft-Jensen & Ellen Trolle

Authors
  1. Marie T. B. Madsen
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  2. Anja P. Biltoft-Jensen
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  4. Lotte Lauritzen
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  6. Camilla T. Damsgaard
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Contributions

MTBM and CTD designed the study. MTBM performed the statistical analyses. MTBM wrote the paper with help from CTD and had primary responsibility for the final content. ET and ABJ were responsible for developing the food diary, processing the dietary intake data and estimating wholegrain intake. LL provided sparring in the interpretation of results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marie T. B. Madsen.

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Conflict of interest

None of the authors reported a conflict of interest related to the study.

Clinical trial and study registration

The studies were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02170428 and NCT02377973.

Ethics approval

The trials were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by The Committees on Biomedical Research Ethics for the Capital Region of Denmark; SKOT I: H-KF-2007-0003; SKOT II: H-3-2010-122.

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Madsen, M.T.B., Biltoft-Jensen, A.P., Trolle, E. et al. Wholegrain intake, growth and metabolic markers in Danish infants and toddlers: a longitudinal study. Eur J Nutr 61, 3545–3557 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02902-2

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