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Burden and trend of diet-related non-communicable diseases in Australia and comparison with 34 OECD countries, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

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Abstract

Background

Diet is a major determining factor for many non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). However, evidence on diet-related NCD burden remains limited. We assessed the trends in diet-related NCDs in Australia from 1990 to 2015 and compared the results with other countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Methods

We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study to estimate the NCD mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to 14 dietary risk factors in Australia and 34 OECD nations. Countries were further ranked from the lowest (first) to highest (35th) burden using an age-standardized population attributable fraction (PAF).

Results

In 2015, the estimated number of deaths attributable to dietary risks was 29,414 deaths [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 24,697 − 34,058 or 19.7% of NCD deaths] and 443,385 DALYs (95% UI 377,680–511,388 or 9.5% of NCD DALYs) in Australia. Young (25–49 years) and middle-age (50–69 years) male adults had a higher PAF of diet-related NCD deaths and DALYs than their female counterparts. Diets low in fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds and whole grains, but high in sodium, were the major contributors to both NCD deaths and DALYs. Overall, 42.3% of cardiovascular deaths were attributable to dietary risk factors. The age-standardized PAF of diet-related NCD mortality and DALYs decreased over the study period by 28.2% (from 27.0% in 1990 to 19.4% in 2015) and 41.0% (from 14.3% in 1990 to 8.4% in 2015), respectively. In 2015, Australia ranked 12th of 35 examined countries in diet-related mortality. A small improvement of rank was recorded compared to the previous 25 years.

Conclusions

Despite a reduction in diet-related NCD burden over 25 years, dietary risks are still the major contributors to a high burden of NCDs in Australia. Interventions targeting NCDs should focus on dietary behaviours of individuals and population groups.

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Fig. 1

[adapted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 Risk Factors Study. This figure depicts a summary which the process of dietary risk methods were conducted. Methods that are more detailed can be accessed from the GBD 2015 Risk Factors Study]

Fig. 2

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to The Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation for availing the data. We appreciate Assistant Professor Ashkan Afshin for his guidance in the early stage of manuscript preparation. YAM is thankful for the support provided by the Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. AR is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT110100345). BdC is supported by National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100864). EB is a recipient of the Monash Graduate and Monash International Postgraduate Scholarships.

Funding

No funding was received for this specific study. GBD 2015 was funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

    Yohannes Adama Melaku, Tiffany K. Gill, Anne W. Taylor, Eleonora Dal Grande, David Gonzalez-Chica & Zumin Shi

  2. Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, The University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

    Yohannes Adama Melaku

  3. School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Andre Renzaho

  4. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

    Andre Renzaho

  5. Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

    Barbora de Courten & Estifanos Baye

  6. Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia

    Elina Hyppӧnen

  7. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia

    Elina Hyppӧnen

  8. Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK

    Elina Hyppӧnen

  9. Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Zumin Shi

  10. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Malcolm Riley

  11. Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

    Robert Adams

  12. Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia

    Yohannes Kinfu

  13. School of Demography, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

    Yohannes Kinfu

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  1. Yohannes Adama Melaku
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Correspondence to Yohannes Adama Melaku.

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Melaku, Y.A., Renzaho, A., Gill, T.K. et al. Burden and trend of diet-related non-communicable diseases in Australia and comparison with 34 OECD countries, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Eur J Nutr 58, 1299–1313 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1656-7

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