Abstract
We characterize trends in maximum seasonal daily precipitation (seasonal Rx1day), minimum (Tn), and maximum (Tx) daily temperatures during days with precipitation over continental Chile for the period 1979–2017, using surface stations and the AgERA5 gridded product derived from the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. We also examine seasonal trends of Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Precipitable Water (PW), Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE), Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) frequency, and upper air observations to seek possible mechanisms that explain precipitation trends. Our results show an increase in seasonal Rx1day during fall in the south part of Northern Chile (15–30°S) and during fall and winter in Austral Chile (45–57°S), and mostly negative trends in Central Chile (30–36°S), where a few locations with positive trends along the coast during summer. Temperature trends presented cooling patterns north of 33°S in almost all the seasons (< -2 °C/dec), while warming trends prevail south of 38°S (> 1 °C/dec). The highest values in Tn trends are obtained on the western slopes of the Andes around 30°S. We also explore temperature scaling in surface stations, finding strong positive super Clausius Clapeyron with Tn, especially between fall and spring in the 33–40°S region. Sounding observations in five stations across Chile suggest warming trends at 23.5°, 33°S, and 53°S, with a stabilization effect by enhanced warming in the upper troposphere, while presenting cooling trends in Puerto Montt (41.5°S). Seasonal trends in PW reveal moistening along southern Peru and northern Chile during spring and summer. Positive trends in CAPE are observed over 35–40°S (austral summer and fall) and the north Altiplano (autumn). SST analyses reveal strong cooling around 30°S in winter, which may explain the negative trends in seasonal Rx1day in central Chile. A warming spot on the northern Peruvian coast during fall may be responsible for humidification in front of Northern Chile, particularly during summer and fall. Positive EKE trends are detected south of 40°S, being stronger and reaching almost all of the coast during spring. ARs frequency unveils negative trends up to -5 days/dec during summer and positive trends of 1 day/dec in 40°- 50°S coastal regions during spring. More generally, the results presented here shed light on the main large-scale processes driving recent trends in precipitation extremes across continental Chile.
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Data availability
The datasets used during the current study are available in public repositories and referenced in the manuscript.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the contribution of Diego Pinto in the code implementation for retrieving the sounding information and filling in missing daily precipitation and extreme temperature data from the surface stations. The authors are thankful to two anonymous reviewers for their positive feedback that improves the quality of our manuscript.
Funding
Miguel Lagos-Zúñiga has been supported by the Chilean ANID Doctoral grant N° 21192178. Pablo A. Mendoza received support from Fondecyt Project 11200142. Miguel Lagos-Zúñiga and Pablo A. Mendoza acknowledge CONICYT/PIA Project AFB220002. Miguel Lagos-Zúñiga and Roberto Rondanelli received support from FONDAP/ANID Project 1522A0001.
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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed as follows: Miguel Lagos-Zúñiga wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and the other authors contributed scientific discussion, revision, and article preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Lagos-Zúñiga, M., Mendoza, P.A., Campos, D. et al. Trends in seasonal precipitation extremes and associated temperatures along continental Chile. Clim Dyn (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07127-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07127-z