Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Seasonal precipitation change in the Western North Pacific and East Asia under global warming in two high-resolution AGCMs

  • Published:
Climate Dynamics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To estimate seasonal precipitation change over the western North Pacific and East Asia region (WNP-EA), we use high-resolution atmospheric Model (HiRAM) (50 km resolution) to conduct a series of simulations forced by Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario with the fifth phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison project (CMIP5) ensemble sea surface temperature (SST) changes (RCP_Ens). The sensitivity of future projections to various SST forcing (\( {\text{SST}}_{\text{spa}}^{{\prime }} \)) is also assessed. We also assess the sensitivity associated with model dependence by comparing with the results of the Meteorological Research Institute-Atmospheric General Circulation Model (MRI-AGCM3.2S) projections. The major findings are: (1) weakened atmospheric circulation in all seasons in RCP_Ens experiment; (2) more precipitation over most of the northern East Asian continent and the northern WNP oceanic region in all seasons; (3) an anomalous anticyclonic circulation (AAC) together with decreased precipitation over the oceanic WNP-EA in the typhoon season; and (4) largest sensitivity to various \( {\text{SST}}_{\text{spa}}^{{\prime }} \) in spring comparing with other seasons. The aforementioned changes are similarly seen in both the HiRAM and MRI-AGCM3.2S, suggesting the reliability of our findings. The moisture budget indicates the dominance of dynamic contribution to the reduced precipitation. By contrast, the increased precipitation may be associated with various processes such as enhanced upward motion, increased water vapor or surface evaporation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bengtsson L, Hodges KI, Keenlyside N (2009) Will extratropical storms intensify in a warmer climate? J Clim 22(9):2276–2301

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretherton CS, McCaa JR, Grenier H (2004) A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers. Part I: description and 1D results. Mon Weather Rev 132(4):864–882

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick R, Good P, Andrews T, Martin G (2014) Surface warming patterns drive tropical rainfall pattern responses to CO2 forcing on all timescales. Geophys Res Lett 41(2):610–615

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen CS, Chen YL (2003) The rainfall characteristics of Taiwan. Mon Weather Rev 131:1323–1341

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen GTJ, Jiang ZH, Wu MC (2003) Spring heavy rain events in Taiwan during warm episodes and the associated large-scale conditions. Mon Weather Rev 131:1173–1188

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen JM, Li T, Shih J (2008) Asymmetry of the El Nino-spring rainfall relationship in Taiwan. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 86:297–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen CA, Chou C, Chen CT (2012) Regional perspective on mechanisms for tropical precipitation frequency and intensity under global warming. J Clim 25(24):8487–8501

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen CA, Yu JY, Chou C (2016) Impacts of vertical structure of convection in global warming: the role of shallow convection. J Clim 29(12):4665–4684

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou C, Chen CA (2010) Depth of convection and the weakening of tropical circulation in global warming. J Clim 23(11):3019–3030

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou C, Neelin JD (2004) Mechanisms of global warming impacts on regional tropical precipitation. J Clim 17(13):2688–2701

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou C, Huang LF, Tseng L, Tu JY, Tan PH (2009a) Annual cycle of rainfall in the western North Pacific and East Asian sector. J Clim 22(8):2073–2094

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou C, Neelin JD, Chen CA, Tu JY (2009b) Evaluating the “rich-get-richer” mechanism in tropical precipitation change under global warming. J Clim 22(8):1982–2005

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou C, Chen CA, Tan PH, Chen KT (2012) Mechanisms for global warming impacts on precipitation frequency and intensity. J Clim 25(9):3291–3306

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen JH et al (2013) Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change, climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1217–1308

  • Chu PS (2002) Large-scale circulation features associated with decadal variations of tropical cyclone activity over the central North Pacific. J Clim 15(18):2678–2689

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins M et al (2013) Long-term climate change: projections, commitments and irreversibility. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA

  • Delworth TL, Rosati A, Anderson W, Adcroft AJ, Balaji V, Benson R et al (2012) Simulated climate and climate change in the GFDL CM2. 5 high-resolution coupled climate model. J Clim 25(8):2755–2781

    Google Scholar 

  • Donner LJ, Wyman BL, Hemler RS, Horowitz LW, Ming Y, Zhao M et al (2011) The dynamical core, physical parameterizations, and basic simulation characteristics of the atmospheric component AM3 of the GFDL global coupled model CM3. J Clim 24(13):3484–3519

    Google Scholar 

  • Endo H, Kitoh A (2016) Projecting changes of the Asian summer monsoon through the twenty-first century. The monsoons and climate change. Springer, Cham, pp 47–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Endo H, Kitoh A, Ose T, Mizuta R, Kusunoki S (2012) Future changes and uncertainties in Asian precipitation simulated by multiphysics and multi-sea surface temperature ensemble experiments with high-resolution Meteorological Research Institute atmospheric general circulation models (MRI-AGCMs). J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017874

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endo H, Kitoh A, Mizuta R, Ishii M (2017) Future changes in precipitation extremes in East Asia and their uncertainty based on large ensemble simulations with a high-resolution AGCM. Sola 13:7–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Flato G et al (2013) Evaluation of climate models. In: Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  • Global Atmospheric Model Development Team GFDL, Anderson JL, Balaji V, Broccoli AJ, Cooke WF, Delworth TL et al (2004) The new GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM2–LM2: evaluation with prescribed SST simulations. J Clim 17(24):4641–4673

    Google Scholar 

  • Held IM, Soden BJ (2006) Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. J Clim 19(21):5686–5699

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu HH, Terng CT, Chen CT (1999) Evolution of large-scale circulation and heating during the first transition of Asian summer monsoon. J Clim 12(3):793–810

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu PC, Li T, Luo JJ, Murakami H, Kitoh A, Zhao M (2012) Increase of global monsoon area and precipitation under global warming: a robust signal? Geophys Res Lett 39(6):L06701

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu HH, Zhou T, Matsumoto J (2014) East Asian, Indochina and western North Pacific summer monsoon—an update. Asia-Pac J Atmos Sci 50(1):45–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang P, Xie SP, Hu K, Huang G, Huang R (2013) Patterns of the seasonal response of tropical rainfall to global warming. Nat Geosci 6(5):357

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung CW, Hsu HH (2008) The first transition of the Asian summer monsoon, intraseasonal oscillation, and Taiwan mei-yu. J Clim 21(7):1552–1568

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung CW, Hsu HH, Lu MM (2004) Decadal oscillation of spring rain in northern Taiwan. Geophys Res Lett 31(22):L22206

    Google Scholar 

  • Japan Meteorological Agency (2007) Outline of the operational numerical weather prediction at the Japan Meteorological Agency (Appendix to WMO numerical weather prediction progress report). Japan Meteorological Agency, 194. http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/nwp/outline-nwp/index.htm

  • Jiang Z, Chen GTJ, Wu MC (2003) Large-scale circulation patterns associated with heavy spring rain events over Taiwan in strong ENSO and non-ENSO years. Mon Weather Rev 131(8):1769

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang IS, Jin K, Wang B, Lau KM, Shukla J, Krishnamurthy V et al (2002) Intercomparison of the climatological variations of Asian summer monsoon precipitation simulated by 10 GCMs. Clim Dyn 19(5–6):383–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawai H (2006) PDF cloud scheme and prognostic cloud scheme in JMA global model. CAS/JSC WGNE Res Activities Atmos Ocean Model 36:15–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura F, Kitoh A (2007) Downscaling by pseudo global warming method. The Final Report of the ICCAP. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kyoto

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitoh A, Endo H (2016a) Changes in precipitation extremes projected by a 20-km mesh global atmospheric model. Weather Clim Extrem 11:41–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitoh A, Endo H (2016b) Future changes in rainfall extremes associated with El Niño projected by a global 20-km mesh atmospheric model. Sola 12(Special_Edition):1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitoh A, Endo H (2019) Future changes in precipitation extremes associated with tropical cyclones projected by large-ensemble simulations. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2019-007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitoh A, Kusunoki S (2008) East Asian summer monsoon simulation by a 20-km mesh AGCM. Clim Dyn 31(4):389–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi C, Sugi M (2004) Impact of horizontal resolution on the simulation of the Asian summer monsoon and tropical cyclones in the JMA global model. Clim Dyn 23(2):165–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi S, Ota Y, Harada Y, Ebita A, Moriya M, Onoda H et al (2015) The JRA-55 reanalysis: general specifications and basic characteristics. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II 93(1):5–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusunoki S (2016) Is the global atmospheric model MRI-AGCM3. 2 better than the CMIP5 atmospheric models in simulating precipitation over East Asia? Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3335-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kusunoki S (2017a) Future changes in global precipitation projected by the atmospheric model MRI-AGCM3. 2H with a 60-km size. Atmosphere 8(5):93

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusunoki S (2017b) Future changes in precipitation over East Asia projected by the global atmospheric model MRI-AGCM3 2. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3499-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kusunoki S, Arakawa O (2015) Are CMIP5 models better than CMIP3 models in simulating precipitation over East Asia? J Clim 28(14):5601–5621

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusunoki S, Mizuta R (2013) Changes in precipitation intensity over East Asia during the 20th and 21st centuries simulated by a global atmospheric model with a 60 km grid size. J Geophys Res Atmos 118(19):11-007

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusunoki S, Yoshimura J, Yoshimura H, Noda A, Oouchi K, Mizuta R (2006) Change of Baiu rain band in global warming projection by an atmospheric general circulation model with a 20-km grid size. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 84(4):581–611

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamarque JF, Bond TC, Eyring V, Granier C, Heil A, Klimont Z et al (2010) Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application. Atmos Chem Phys 10(15):7017–7039

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamarque JF, Kyle GP, Meinshausen M, Riahi K, Smith SJ, van Vuuren DP et al (2011) Global and regional evolution of short-lived radiatively-active gases and aerosols in the Representative Concentration Pathways. Clim Change 109(1–2):191–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau NC, Ploshay JJ (2009) Simulation of synoptic- and subsynoptic-scale phenomena associated with the East Asian summer monsoon using a high-resolution GCM. Mon Weather Rev 137:137–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Dai A, Zhou T, Lu J (2010) Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to historical SST and atmospheric forcing during 1950–2000. Clim Dyn 34(4):501–514

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Yu R, Yuan W, Chen H, Sun W, Zhang Y (2015) Precipitation over East Asia simulated by NCAR CAM5 at different horizontal resolutions. J Adv Model Earth Syst 7(2):774–790

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Wang B (2002) The time–space structure of the Asian-Pacific summer monsoon: a fast annual cycle view. J Clim 15:2001–2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin JL, Weickman KM, Kiladis GN, Mapes BE, Schubert SD, Suarez MJ et al (2008) Subseasonal variability associated with Asian summer monsoon simulated by 14 IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs. J Clim 21(18):4541–4567

    Google Scholar 

  • Lui YS, Tam CY, Lau NC (2018) Future changes in Asian summer monsoon precipitation extremes as inferred from 20-km AGCM simulations. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4206-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Xie SP (2013) Regional patterns of sea surface temperature change: a source of uncertainty in future projections of precipitation and atmospheric circulation. J Clim 26(8):2482–2501

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto J (1997) Seasonal transition of summer rainy season over Indochina and adjacent monsoon region. Adv Atmos Sci 14(2):231–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinshausen M, Smith SJ, Calvin K, Daniel JS, Kainuma ML et al (2011) The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300. Clim Change 109(1–2):213

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizuta R, Yoshimura H, Murakami H, Matsueda M, Endo H, Ose T et al (2012) Climate simulations using MRI-AGCM3. 2 with 20-km grid. J Meteorol Soc Jpn. 90:233–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizuta R, Arakawa O, Ose T, Kusunoki S, Endo H, Kitoh A (2014) Classification of CMIP5 future climate responses by the tropical sea surface temperature changes. Sola 10:167–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizuta R et al (2017) Over 5000 years of ensemble future climate simulations by 60 km global and 20 km regional atmospheric models. Am Meteorol Soc, Bull. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0099.1

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami H, Wang Y, Yoshimura H, Mizuta R, Sugi M, Shindo E et al (2012) Future changes in tropical cyclone activity projected by the new high-resolution MRI-AGCM. J Clim 25(9):3237–3260

    Google Scholar 

  • Noda A, Kusunoki S, Yoshimura J, Yoshimura H, Oouchi K, Mizuta R (2008) Global warming projection by an atmospheric general circulation model with a 20-km grid. High resolution numerical modelling of the atmosphere and ocean. Springer, New York, pp 113–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada Y, Takemi T, Ishikawa H, Kusunoki S, Mizuta R (2017) Future changes in atmospheric conditions for the seasonal evolution of the Baiu as revealed from projected AGCM experiments. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 95(4):239–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauluis O, Garner S (2006) Sensitivity of radiative–convective equilibrium simulations to horizontal resolution. J Atmos Sci 63(7):1910–1923

    Google Scholar 

  • Putman WM, Lin SJ (2007) Finite-volume transport on various cubed-sphere grids. J Comput Phys 227(1):55–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayner NA, Parker DE, Horton EB, Folland CK, Alexander LV, Rowell DP, et al (2003) Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J Geophys Res Atmos 108(D14)

  • Sato T, Kimura F, Kitoh A (2007) Projection of global warming onto regional precipitation over Mongolia using a regional climate model. J Hydrol 333:144–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Seager R, Naik N, Vecchi GA (2010) Thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms for large-scale changes in the hydrological cycle in response to global warming. J Clim 23:4651–4668. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3655.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song F, Zhou T (2014) The climatology and interannual variability of East Asian summer monsoon in CMIP5 coupled models: does air–sea coupling improve the simulations? J Clim 27(23):8761–8777

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperber KR, Annamalai H, Kang IS, Kitoh A et al (2013) The Asian summer monsoon: an intercomparison of CMIP5 vs. CMIP3 simulations of the late 20th century. Clim Dyn 41(9–10):2711–2744

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi HG, Yasunari T (2006) A climatological monsoon break in rainfall over Indochina—a singularity in the seasonal march of the Asian summer monsoon. J Clim 19(8):1545–1556

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KE (2001) Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J Geophys Res Atmos 106(D7):7183–7192

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93(4):485–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiedtke M (1989) A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon Weather Rev 117:1779–1800

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiedtke M (1993) Representation of clouds in largescale models. Mon Weather Rev 121:3040–3061

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsou CH, Huang PY, Tu CY, Chen CT, Tzeng TP, Cheng CT (2016) Present simulation and future typhoon activity projection over western North Pacific and Taiwan/East Coast of China in 20-km HiRAM climate model. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci 27:687–703. https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2016.06.13.04

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda H, Yasunari T, Kawamura R (1995) Abrupt seasonal change of large-scale convective activity over the western Pacific in the northern summer. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 73(4):795–809

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang B (2002) Rainy season of the Asian-Pacific summer monsoon. J Clim 15(4):386–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Ding Q (2008) Global monsoon: dominant mode of annual variation in the tropics. Dyn Atmos Oceans 44(3–4):165–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Ding Q, Fu X, Kang IS, Jin K, Shukla J et al (2005) Fundamental challenge in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys Res Lett 32(15)

  • Wang B, Yim SY, Lee JY, Liu J, Ha KJ (2014) Future change of Asian-Australian monsoon under RCP 4.5 anthropogenic warming scenario. Clim Dyn 42(1–2):83–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu CH, Freychet N, Chen CA, Hsu HH (2017) East Asian presummer precipitation in the CMIP5 at high versus low horizontal resolution. Int J Climatol 37(11):4158–4170

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie P, Arkin PA (1997) Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:2539–2558

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie SP, Deser C, Vecchi GA, Ma J, Teng H, Wittenberg AT (2010) Global warming pattern formation: sea surface temperature and rainfall. J Clim 23:966–986

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura H, Mizuta R, Murakami H (2015) A spectral cumulus parameterization scheme interpolating between two convective updrafts with semi-Lagrangian calculation of transport by compensatory subsidence. Mon Weather Rev 143:597–621. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00068.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yukimoto S, Yoshimura H, Hosaka M, Sakami T, Tsujino H, Hirabara M, Tanaka TY et al (2011) Meteorological research institute-earth system model v1 (MRIESM1)—model description. Tech Rep Meteorol Res Inst 64:88

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao M, Held IM, Lin SJ, Vecchi GA (2009) Simulations of global hurricane climatology, interannual variability, and response to global warming using a 50-km resolution GCM. J Clim 22(24):6653–6678

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank three anonymous reviewers whose comments improved this paper. We thank the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and the WCRP’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM), for collecting and archiving the AMIP-type simulations of WCRP CMIP5 multimodel datasets for analysis. We thank the climate modeling groups (listed in Table 2) for producing and making available their model outputs. All of the model datasets are available at https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/cmip5/. We also thank the Meteorological Research Institute for providing dataset simulated from MRI_AGCM3.2S. This work was supported by Academia Sinica and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan under MOST 106-2111-M-001-005 and MOST 107-2119-M-001-010.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Environmental Changes (RCEC), Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan

    Chao-An Chen, Huang-Hsiung Hsu & Chia-Ying Tu

  2. Department of Earth and Life, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chi-Cherng Hong

  3. Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Ping-Gin Chiu

  4. NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, USA

    Shian-Jiann Lin

  5. Japan Meteorological Business Support Center, Tsukuba, Japan

    Akio Kitoh

  6. Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

    Akio Kitoh

Authors
  1. Chao-An Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Huang-Hsiung Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chi-Cherng Hong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ping-Gin Chiu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chia-Ying Tu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shian-Jiann Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Akio Kitoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huang-Hsiung Hsu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 2525 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, CA., Hsu, HH., Hong, CC. et al. Seasonal precipitation change in the Western North Pacific and East Asia under global warming in two high-resolution AGCMs. Clim Dyn 53, 5583–5605 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04883-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04883-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation