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Basal and maximal metabolic rates differ in their response to rapid temperature change among avian species

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Abstract

In birds, acclimation and acclimatization to temperature are associated with changes in basal (BMR), summit (Msum) and maximal (MMR) metabolic rates but little is known about the rate at which species adjust their phenotype to short-term temperature variations. Our aims were (1) to determine the pattern of metabolic adjustments following a rapid temperature change, (2) to determine whether performance varies at similar rates during exposure to warm or cold environments, and (3) to determine if BMR, Msum and MMR change at comparable rates during thermal acclimation. We measured these parameters in white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis), black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), and snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis) after acclimation to 10 °C (day 0) and on the 4th and 8th days of acclimation to either −5 or 28 °C. Birds changed their metabolic phenotype within 8 days with patterns differing among species. Sparrows expressed the expected metabolic increases in the cold and decreases at thermoneutrality while performance in chickadees and buntings was not influenced by temperature but changed over time with inverse patterns. Our results suggest that BMR varies at comparable rates in warm and cold environments but changes faster than Msum and MMR, likely due to limitations in the rate of change in organ size and function. They also suggest that maximal metabolic capacity is lost faster in a warm environment than it is gained in a cold environment. With the expected increase in temperature stochasticity at northern latitudes, a loss of thermogenic capacity during warm winter days could, therefore, be detrimental if birds are slow to readjust their phenotype with the return of cold days.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Corporation de la Forêt d’enseignement et de recherche Macpès who granted us access to their field facilities for capturing birds. We are also grateful to Alexandre Anctil and Ludovic Jolicoeur for their assistance during captures of snow buntings. A special thanks goes to David Swanson and Yufeng Zhang from the University of South Dakota for training KD with MMR and to Richard Lafrance from UQAR for building our hop-flutter wheel. We are also grateful to David Swanson and Joël Bêty for commenting a previous version of this paper as well as to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. We thank Catherine Burman-Plourde and Josianne Ruest for their help with food intake measurements and bird maintenance as well as Magali Petit and Myriam Milbergue for their advice and constant support. This research was supported by a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) as well as a Leader Opportunity Fund from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation to FV. FH received an Industrial Innovation Scholarship from the Fonds de Recherche du Québec Nature et les Technologies (FRQNT) and KD received an Alexander Graham Bell Graduate Scholarship from NSERC and well as a Master’s Scholarship from FRQNT during this study. KD was also supported by a Mobility Fellowship from EnviroNorth during her training in Dr. Swanson’s lab.

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  1. Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada

    Karine Dubois, Fanny Hallot & François Vézina

  2. Groupe de recherche sur les environnements nordiques BORÉAS, Centre d’études nordiques, Centre de la science de la biodiversité du Québec, Rimouski, Québec, Canada

    Karine Dubois, Fanny Hallot & François Vézina

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  1. Karine Dubois
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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All bird manipulations were approved by the Université du Québec à Rimouski animal care committee (CPA-52-13-113) and have been conducted under scientific (SC-47) and banding (10704D) permits from Environment Canada - Canadian Wildlife Service.

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Communicated by G. Heldmaier.

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Dubois, K., Hallot, F. & Vézina, F. Basal and maximal metabolic rates differ in their response to rapid temperature change among avian species. J Comp Physiol B 186, 919–935 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-016-1001-5

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