Abstract
The low-frequency pressure fluctuations generated by a range of roughness configurations are explored for flows of roughness Reynolds numbers over 200 and blockage ratios above 73. Two-point analysis of the pressure fluctuations reveals that surfaces with high frontal solidity, \(\lambda\), and/or complex shear layer interactions near the elements, have structures which persist longer than structures on the smooth wall. A low-frequency pressure spectrum scaling based on the broadband convection velocity defect, \(U_{\text{e}}-{\overline{U}}_{\text{c}_{\text{b}}}\), is proven effective for all rough surfaces and the smooth wall. Here \(U_{\text{e}}\) is the boundary layer edge velocity, and \({\overline{U}}_{\text{c}_{\text{b}}}\) is the mean broadband convection velocity. A second scaling, which is more appropriate for a priori predictions, is also proposed. It uses the mean velocity defect, \(U_{\text{e}}-{\overline{U}}\) (where \({\overline{U}}\) is the mean boundary layer velocity), first proposed for velocity profiles by Zagarola and Smits (J Fluid Mech 373:33–79, 1998). Both scalings are effective because they are based on velocity defects proportional to the outer-layer shear stress which generates the pressure fluctuations. A re-examination of the outer-layer wall-similarity in the context of these new findings suggests that this concept is limited to a narrow range of turbulent boundary layer flows.
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Data presented in this paper are publicly available from Joseph et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.7294/YHSB-T439).
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the National Science Foundation (grant CBET-1436088) and the Office of Naval Research (grants N00014-15-1-2247, N00014-18-1-2455, N00014-19-1-2109) for funding this work.
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Joseph, L.A., Devenport, W.J. The low-frequency pressure fluctuations of near-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers. Exp Fluids 62, 105 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03182-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-021-03182-y