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Interactive Effects of Abiotic Stress and Elevated CO2 on Physio-Chemical and Photosynthetic Responses in Suaeda Species

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Abstract

Suaeda fruticosa and S. monoica are important halophytes for ecological rehabilitation of saline lands. We report differential physio-chemical, photosynthetic, and chlorophyll fluorescence responses in these halophytes under 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), 50% strength (16.25 ppt) of seawater (SW)-imposed salinity, and 10% polyethylene glycol 6000 imposed osmotic stress at 380 (ambient) and 1200 (elevated) µmol mol–1 CO2 concentrations. SW salinity enhanced the growth in both species; however, compared with S. fruticosa, the S. monoica exhibited comparatively better growth and biomass accumulation under saline conditions at elevated CO2. Results demonstrated better photosynthetic performances of S. monoica under stress conditions at both levels of CO2, and this resulted in higher accumulation of carbon, nitrogen, sugar, and starch contents. S. monoica exhibited improved antenna size, electron transfer at PSII donor side, and efficient working of photosynthetic machinery at elevated CO2, which might be due to efficient upstream utilization of reducing power to fix the CO2. The δ13C results supported the operation of C4 CO2 fixation in S. monoica and C3 or intermediate pathway of CO2 fixation in S. fruticosa. Lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species, reduced membrane damage, lowered solute potential, and higher accumulation of proline and polyphenol contents indicated elevated CO2-induced abiotic stress tolerance in Suaeda. Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes in both species at both levels of CO2 help plants to combat the oxidative stress. Upregulation of NADP-dependent malic enzyme and NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase genes indicated their role in abiotic stress tolerance as well as photosynthetic carbon (C) sequestration. Operation of C4 type CO2 fixation in S. monoica and an intermediate CO2 fixation in S. fruticosa could be the possible reason for the superior photosynthetic efficiency of S. monoica under stress conditions at elevated CO2.

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Acknowledgements

CSIR-CSMCRI PRIS—113/2018. The authors are thankful to CSIR (Government of India), New Delhi for establishment of infrastructure facility and GSBTM, Govt. of Gujarat for financial support under GAP2080 (80G2DT) project. The authors also acknowledge the help of ADE&CIF division for SEM, elemental, and ICP analysis. Mr. IH and SAS thank UGC MANF and UGC for Junior/Senior Research Fellowship during their Ph.D. work. The authors are thankful to Dr. D.R. Chaudhary and Prof. Hojeong Kang, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea for IRMS analysis. Mr. IH and SAS thank MKSBU, Bhavnagar and AcSIR, Ghaziabad for registration in PhD program, respectively.

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  1. Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364002, India

    Md Intesaful Haque, Shahrukh A. Siddiqui, B. Jha & Mangal S. Rathore

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  1. Md Intesaful Haque
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  2. Shahrukh A. Siddiqui
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  3. B. Jha
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Conceptualized and conceived the experiment: MSR/BJ; Designing the experiment: MSR and IH; Experimental execution and Data analysis: IH and SAS; Drafting/editing the manuscript: IH and SAS; Finalization of manuscript: MSR.

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Correspondence to Mangal S. Rathore.

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Supplementary file1 (DOCX 47 KB)

Supplementary file2 (DOCX 26 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM3_ESM.jpg

Fig. S1: Pictorial representation of experimental design to study the differential photosynthetic and physio-chemical responses in S. fruticosa and S. monoica under abiotic stress conditions at ambient and elevated CO2 conditions. Supplementary file3 (JPEG 691 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM4_ESM.jpg

Fig. S2: Growth in above ground portions of S. fruticosa and S. monoica grown under control and stress (100 mM NaCl, 50% seawater salinity and 10% PEG) treatments at ambient and elevated CO2 conditions for 7 (a) and 15 (b) days respectively. The values (mean±SE, n=3) followed by different lowercase letters as superscripts are significantly different by LSD (>0.05%) at a particular CO2 level. In figure SW represents seawater salinity, SF– S. fruticosa, and SM - S. monoica.Supplementary file4 (JPEG 446 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM5_ESM.jpg

Fig. S3: Pictotial documentations of growth/morphology in S. fruticosa and S. monoica grown under control and stress (100 mM NaCl, 50% seawater salinity and 10% PEG) treatments at ambient and elevated CO2 conditions for 0, 7 and 15 days. Supplementary file5 (JPEG 776 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM6_ESM.jpg

Fig. S4: Root growth in S. fruticosa and S. monoica grown under control and stress (100 mM NaCl, 50% seawater salinity and 10% PEG) treatments at ambient and elevated CO2 condition for 7 days. The values (mean±SE, n=3) followed by different lowercase letters as superscripts are significantly different by LSD (>0.05%) at a particular CO2 level. In figure C represent control, N- NaCl, SW- seawater salinity, P- PEG, SF- S. fruticosa, and SM- S. monoica. Supplementary file6 (JPEG 416 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM7_ESM.jpg

Fig. S5: Fresh and dry biomass yield (a-b) and water content (c) in S. fruticosa and S. monoica grown under control and stress (100 mM NaCl, 50% seawater salinity and 10% PEG) treatments at ambient and elevated CO2 condition for 7 days. The values (mean±SE, n=3) followed by different lowercase letters as superscripts are significantly different by LSD (>0.05%) at a particular CO2 level. In figure C represent control, N- NaCl, SW- seawater salinity, P- PEG, SF- S. fruticosa, and SM- S. monoica. Supplementary file7 (JPEG 473 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM8_ESM.jpg

Fig. S6: SEM-EDX mapping for Na and K contents in leaf tissues after 7 days growth (a) and root surface after 15 days growth (b) of S. fruticosa and S. monoica plants under control and stress (100 mM NaCl and 50% seawater salinity) treatments at ambient and elevated CO2 conditions. In figure the SW represents seawater salinity. Supplementary file8 (JPEG 831 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM9_ESM.jpg

Fig. S7: Total chlorophyll (a) and carotenoid (b) contents in S. fruticosa and S. monoica under control and stress (100 mM NaCl, 50% seawater salinity and 10% PEG) treatments at ambient and elevated CO2 condition for 7 days. The values (mean±SE, n=3) followed by different lowercase letters as superscripts are significantly different by LSD (>0.05%) at a particular CO2 level. In figure SW represent seawater salinity, SF- S. fruticosa, and SM- S. monoica. Supplementary file9 (JPEG 457 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM10_ESM.jpg

Fig. S8: Water use efficiency (a), Ci/CA (b) and vapor pressure deficit (c) in S. fruticosa and S. monoica under control and stress (100 mM NaCl, 50% seawater salinity and 10% PEG) treatments at ambient and elevated CO2 for 7 days. The values represent mean ± SE (n=3) and followed by different letters as superscripts are significantly different by LSD (>0.05%) at a particular CO2 level. In figure SW is seawater salinity, SF– S. fruticosa, and SM - S. monoica. Supplementary file10 (JPEG 487 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM11_ESM.jpg

Fig. S9: Chlorophyll a fluorescence derived OJIP curve in S. fruticosa and S. monoica under control and stress (100 mM NaCl, 50% seawater salinity and 10% PEG) treatments at ambient (a-b) and elevated CO2 (c-d) for 7 days. The values represent mean (n=10) of measurements at a particular CO2 level. Supplementary file11 (JPEG 541 KB)

344_2021_10485_MOESM12_ESM.jpg

Fig. S10: Chlorophyll a fluorescence derived δFIP (a) δVIP (b) in S. fruticosa and S. monoica under control and stress (100 mM NaCl, 50% seawater salinity and 10% PEG) treatments at ambient and elevated CO2 for 7 days. The values represent mean ± SE (n=10) and followed by different letters as superscripts are significantly different by LSD (>0.05%) at a particular CO2 level. In figure SW is seawater salinity, SF– S. fruticosa, and SM - S. monoica. Supplementary file12 (JPEG 408 KB)

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Haque, M.I., Siddiqui, S.A., Jha, B. et al. Interactive Effects of Abiotic Stress and Elevated CO2 on Physio-Chemical and Photosynthetic Responses in Suaeda Species. J Plant Growth Regul 41, 2930–2948 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10485-1

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