Abstract
The concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides (MCHO), polysaccharides (PCHO), and total carbohydrates (TCHO) in the seawater samples collected from the north of the Yap Trench in the western Pacific Ocean were measured by 2,4,6-tripyridine-s-triazine (TPTZ) spectrophotometry method. The results show that the concentrations of MCHO, PCHO, and TCHO ranged from 4.6 to 22.1 μmol C/L, 3.5 to 27.3 μmol C/L, and 13.8 to 36.3 μmol C/L, respectively. In different sampling stations, the concentrations of MCHO, PCHO, and TCHO with water depth showed complex variation patterns. In the study area, the maximum concentrations of MCHO, PCHO, and TCHO occurred in the euphotic layer and the minimum concentrations occurred in mesopelagic seawater layer. Generally, the concentrations of MCHO, PCHO, and TCHO decreased with water depth from the euphotic layer to the hadal zone. The average value of PCHO/TCHO was higher than the average value of MCHO/TCHO, indicating that PCHO was the main component of TCHO in north of the Yap Trench.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated during the current study were available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Arnosti C, Holmer M. 1999. Carbohydrate dynamics and contributions to the carbon budget of an organic-rich coastal sediment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(3–4): 393–403, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00076-9.
Benner R, Biddanda B, Black B, McCarthy M. 1997. Abundance, size distribution, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of marine organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultrafiltration. Marine Chemistry, 57(3–4): 243–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00013-3.
Bhosle N B, Bhaskar P V, Ramachandran S. 1998. Abundance of dissolved polysaccharides in the oxygen minimum layer of the Northern Indian Ocean. Marine Chemistry, 63 (1–2): 171–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00061-9.
Burney C M, Johnson K M, Lavoie D M, Sieburth J M. 1979. Dissolved carbohydrate and microbial ATP in the North Atlantic: concentrations and interactions. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 26(11): 1 267–1 290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(79)90068-2.
Fujiwara T, Tamura C, Nishizawa A, Fujioka K, Kobayashi K, Iwabuchi Y. 2000. Morphology and tectonics of the Yap Trench. Marine Geophysical Researches, 21(1–2): 69–86.
Glud R N, Wenzhöfer F, Middelboe M, Oguri K, Turnewitsch R, Canfield D E, Kitazato H. 2013. High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth. Nature Geoscience, 6(4): 284–288, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1773.
Guo C Y, Yang Z, Chen J F, Zheng H, Zhang D S, Ran L H, Wang C S, Lu B, Chen Q N. 2018. A preliminary study on the food resources and trophic levels of the benthic community in the Yap Trench based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Haiyang Xuebao, 40(10): 51–60. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Hawkins J, Batiza R. 1977. Metamorphic rocks of the Yap arc-trench system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 37(2): 216–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90166-2.
Hayakawa K. 2004. Seasonal variations and dynamics of dissolved carbohydrates in Lake Biwa. Organic Geochemistry, 35(2): 169–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.09.002.
He G Y, Xu W, Guo S S, Liu W H, Luo Z H. 2018. Diversity and denitrification capability of cultivable fungi from deep-sea sediments of Yap Trench. Journal of Applied Oceanography, 37(2): 229–240. (in Chinese with English abstract)
He Z, Wang Q, Yang G P, Gao X C, Wu G W. 2015. Spatiotemporal variation characteristics and related affecting factors of dissolved carbohydrates in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 108: 12–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.08.002.
Huang B Q, Liu Y, Chen J X, Wang D Z, Hong H S, Lü R H, Huang L F, Lin Y A, Wei H. 2006. Temporal and spatial distribution of size-fractionized phytoplankton biomass in East China Sea and Huanghai Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 28(2): 156–164. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Hung C C, Guo L D, Santschi P H, Alvarado-Quiroz N, Haye J M. 2003. Distributions of carbohydrate species in the Gulf of Mexico. Marine Chemistry, 81(3–4): 119–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(03)00012-4.
Hung C C, Tang D G, Warnken K W, Santschi P H. 2001. Distributions of carbohydrates, including uronic acids, in estuarine waters of Galveston Bay. Marine Chemistry, 73(3–4): 305–318, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00114-6.
Hung C C, Warnken K W, Santschi P H. 2005. A seasonal survey of carbohydrates and uronic acids in the Trinity River, Texas. Organic Geochemistry, 36(3): 463–474, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.09.004.
Ichino M C, Clark M R, Drazen J C, Jamieson A, Jones D O B, Martin A P, Rowden A A, Shank T M, Yancey P H, Ruhl H A. 2015. The distribution of benthic biomass in hadal trenches: a modelling approach to investigate the effect of vertical and lateral organic matter transport to the seafloor. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 100: 21–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.01.010.
Johnson G C, Toole J M. 1993. Flow of deep and bottom waters in the Pacific at 10°N. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 40(2): 371–394, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90009-R.
Kawasaki N, Benner R. 2006. Bacterial release of dissolved organic matter during cell growth and decline: molecular origin and composition. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(5): 2 170–2 180, https://doi.org/10.4319/10.2006.51.5.2170.
Kerhervé P, Buscail R, Gadel F, Serve L. 2002. Neutral monosaccharides in surface sediments of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Organic Geochemistry, 33(4): 421–435, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00003-7.
Khodse V B, Fernandes L, Gopalkrishna V V, Bhosle N B, Fernandes V, Matondkar S G P, Bhushan R. 2007. Distribution and seasonal variation of concentrations of particulate carbohydrates and uronic acids in the northern Indian Ocean. Marine Chemistry, 103(3–4): 327–346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.10.003.
Kovac N, Faganeli J, Sket B, Bajt O. 1998. Characterization of macroaggregates and photodegradation of their water soluble fraction. Organic Geochemistry, 29(5–7): 1 623–1 634, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00178-8.
Lin P, Guo L D. 2015. Spatial and vertical variability of dissolved carbohydrate species in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 2010–2011. Marine Chemistry, 174: 13–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.001.
Liu Y Z, Liu X H, Lv X Q, Cao W, Sun C J, Lu J, Wang C S, Yang J C. 2018. Watermass properties and deep currents in the northern Yap Trench observed by the Submersible Jiaolong system. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 139: 27–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.06.001.
Myklestad S M, Børsheim K Y. 2007. Dynamics of carbohydrates in the Norwegian Sea inferred from monthly profiles collected during 3 years at 66°N, 2°E. Marine Chemistry, 107(4): 475–485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.09.002.
Myklestad S M, Skånøy E, Hestmann S. 1997. A sensitive and rapid method for analysis of dissolved mono- and polysaccharides in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 56(3–4): 279–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(96)00074-6.
Pakulski J D, Benner R. 1994. Abundance and distribution of carbohydrates in the ocean. Limnology and Oceanography, 39(4): 930–940, https://doi.org/10.4319/10.1994.39.4.0930.
Sato T, Kasahara J, Katao H, Tomiyama N, Mochizuki K, Koresawa S. 1997. Seismic observations at the Yap Islands and the northern Yap Trench. Tectonophysics, 271(3–4): 285–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00251-X.
Song S Z, Gao L, Li D J, Wang T, Zhu L X, Liu Y L. 2017. Distributions and dynamics of dissolved carbohydrate species in Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea. Marine Chemistry, 194: 22–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.04.002.
Thornton D C O. 2014. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) release by phytoplankton in the contemporary and future ocean. European Journal of Phycology, 49(1): 20–46, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2013.875596.
Walsh G E, Douglass J. 1966. Vertical distribution of dissolved carbohydrate in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Limnology and Oceanography, 11(3): 406–408.
Walsh G E. 1965. Studies on dissolved carbohydrate in Cape Cod waters. II Diurnal fluctuation in oyster pond. Limnology and Oceanography, 10(4): 577–582.
Walsh J J, Wirick C D, Pietrafesa L J, Whitledge T E, Hoge F E, Swift R N. 1988. High-frequency sampling of the 1984 spring bloom within the Mid-Atlantic Bight: Synoptic shipboard, aircraft, and in situ perspectives of the SEEP-I experiment. Continental Shelf Research, 8 (5–7): 529–563, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(88)90067-2.
Wang D L, Henrichs S M, Guo L D. 2006. Distributions of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon and carbohydrates in the western Arctic Ocean. Continental Shelf Research, 26(14): 1 654–1 667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.05.001.
Wang R H, Ji M H. 1995. Carbohydrate composition in Jiaozhou Bay. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 17(6): 58–64. (in Chinese)
Wang X R, Cai Y H, Guo L D. 2013. Variations in abundance and size distribution of carbohydrates in the lower Mississippi River, Pearl River and Bay of St Louis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 126: 61–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.04.008.
Wishner K F, Ashjian C J, Gelfman C, Gowing M M, Kann L, Levin L A, Mullineaux L S, Saltzman J. 1995. Pelagic and benthic ecology of the lower interface of the Eastern Tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zone. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 42(1): 93–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)00021-J.
Witter A E, Luther G W. 2002. Spectrophotometric measurement of seawater carbohydrate concentrations in neritic and oceanic waters from the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight and the Delaware estuary. Marine Chemistry, 77(2–3): 143–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00083-4.
Zhang S, Fang Z X. 1991. Soluble carbohydrates in the waters of Daya Bay. Tropic Oceanology, 10(4): 89–93. (in Chinese)
Zhang Y P, Yang G P, Lu X L, Ding H B, Zhang H H. 2013. Distributions of dissolved monosaccharides and polysaccharides in the surface microlayer and surface water of the Jiaozhou Bay and its adjacent area. Continental Shelf Research, 63: 85–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.05.002.
Zhang Z B, Liu L S. 2004. Marine Chemistry. Shandong Education Press, Ji’nan, China. p.185–203. (in Chinese)
Acknowledgment
Authors would like to express gratitude to crew and scientists aboard the R/V Xiangyanghong 09 and submersible Jiaolong.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2015CB755904), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41676067), the Fundamental Funds for Central Universities (No. 201762030), the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (No. 2018GSF117044), and the 111 Project (No. B13030)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guo, C., Sun, C., Yang, G. et al. Vertical variations of dissolved carbohydrates in the North Yap Trench. J. Ocean. Limnol. 38, 606–618 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-020-9018-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-020-9018-8