Abstract
Atmospheric pressure discharge plasma is widely utilized in industry and science. However, due to the spatiotemporal uncertainty of the natural discharge, it is difficult to measure the discharge plasma spectra with a high spatiotemporal resolution. This prevents the accurate investigation of discharge plasma evolution and limits further applications. Here, we harnessed a femtosecond laser filament to trigger and guide a high-voltage discharge, i.e., the discharge plasma channel is rigorously controlled by the filament in both space and time. Therefore, the spectra of the plasma channel with a high spatiotemporal resolution could be measured using an imaging spectrometer. The spectra of the whole process of femtosecond laser filament-triggered discharge plasma are thoroughly studied. According to the spectral emission features, the whole process is divided into three stages: femtosecond laser filamentation, streamer propagation, and discharge. The spectral emissions at different stages can be utilized as required according to the spectral emission features. Based on the spatiotemporally resolved spectra of the streamer, the streamer propagation velocity is calculated to be about 3 × 105 m/s. In addition, atomic emissions from a discharge plasma triggered by femtosecond laser filament can be used for one-dimensional component measurements of flow fields.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
I.N. Kosarev, A.I. Pakhomov, S.V. Kindysheva, E.M. Anokhin, N.L. Aleksandrov, Nanosecond discharge ignition in acetylene-containing mixtures. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 22(4), 045018 (2013)
L. Fei, B. Zhao, X. Liu, L. He, J. Deng, J. Lei, Z. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Application study on plasma ignition in aeroengine strut–cavity–injector integrated afterburner. Plasma Sci. Technol. 23(10), 105504 (2021)
A. Kuwabara, S.-I. Kuroda, H. Kubota, Preparation of a CVD thin film by an atmospheric pressure low temperature surface discharge plasma torch. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15(3), 328–331 (2006)
T. Shao, R. Wang, C. Zhang, P. Yan, Atmospheric-pressure pulsed discharges and plasmas: mechanism, characteristics and applications. High Volt. 3(1), 14–20 (2018)
K. Yoshida, B.S. Rajanikanth, M. Okubo, NOx reduction and desorption studies under electric discharge plasma using a simulated gas mixture: a case study on the effect of corona electrodes. Plasma Sci. Technol. 11(3), 327–333 (2009)
L. Guo, R. Xu, D. Liu, Y. Qi, Y. Guo, W. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Liu, M.G. Kong, Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by surface discharge plasmas with various working gases. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 52(42), 425202 (2019)
P.J. Bruggeman, F. Iza, R. Brandenburg, Foundations of atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasmas. Plasma Sour. Sci. Technol. 26(12), 123002 (2017)
C. Tendero, C. Tixier, P. Tristant, J. Desmaison, P. Leprince, Atmospheric pressure plasmas: a review. Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. 61(1), 2–30 (2006)
A. Larsson, Gas-discharge closing switches and their time jitter. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40(10), 2431–2442 (2012)
S. Nijdam, J. Teunissen, U. Ebert, The physics of streamer discharge phenomena. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29(10), 103001 (2020)
J.R. Dwyer, M.A. Uman, The physics of lightning. Phys. Rep. 534(4), 147–241 (2014)
L. Chen, H. Fan, R. Cao, W. Yang, Y. Li, Study on the breakdown characteristics of the trigatron spark gap triggered by plasma jet. AIP Adv. 10(1), 015002 (2020)
A.V. Meshchanov, D.O. Ivanov, Y.Z. Ionikh, A.I. Shishpanov, Triggering of the breakdown in a discharge tube by visible-spectrum light pulses. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51(33), 335202 (2018)
Y. Kashiwagi, H. Itoh, Synchronization of positive surface streamers triggered by vacuum ultraviolet in atmosphere. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39(1), 113–118 (2005)
M. Miki, Y. Aihara, T. Shindo, Development of long gap discharges guided by a pulsed CO2 laser. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26(8), 1244–1252 (1993)
Q. Wang, W. Wei, X. Li, Z. Yang, J. Wu, Experimental study of the laser-triggered discharge for the application in a gap switch. IEEE Trans. Compon. Pack. Manuf. 5(4), 460–464 (2015)
H. Pépin, D. Comtois, F. Vidal, C.Y. Chien, A. Desparois, T.W. Johnston, J.C. Kieffer, B. La Fontaine, F. Martin, F.A.M. Rizk, C. Potvin, P. Couture, H.P. Mercure, A. Bondiou-Clergerie, P. Lalande, I. Gallimberti, Triggering and guiding high-voltage large-scale leader discharges with sub-joule ultrashort laser pulses. Phys. Plasmas 8(5), 2532–2539 (2001)
Y. Brelet, A. Houard, L. Arantchouk, B. Forestier, Y. Liu, B. Prade, J. Carbonnel, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, Tesla coil discharges guided by femtosecond laser filaments in air. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(18), 181112 (2012)
L. Arantchouk, B. Honnorat, E. Thouin, G. Point, A. Mysyrowicz, A. Houard, Prolongation of the lifetime of guided discharges triggered in atmospheric air by femtosecond laser filaments up to 130 μs. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108(17), 173501 (2016)
A. Couairon, A. Mysyrowicz, Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media. Phys. Rep. 441(2), 47–189 (2007)
L. Bergé, S. Skupin, R. Nuter, J. Kasparian, J.P. Wolf, Ultrashort filaments of light in weakly ionized, optically transparent media. Rep. Prog. Phys. 70(10), 1633–1713 (2007)
J. Papeer, I. Dey, M. Botton, Z. Henis, A. Lad, M. Shaikh, D. Sarkar, K. Jana, S. Tata, S. Roy, Y. Ved, G.R. Kumar, A. Zigler, Towards remote lightning manipulation by meters-long plasma channels generated by ultra-short-pulse high-intensity lasers. Sci Rep 9, 407 (2019)
O.G. Kosareva, D.V. Mokrousova, N.A. Panov, I.A. Nikolaeva, D.E. Shipilo, E.V. Mitina, A.V. Koribut, G.E. Rizaev, A. Couairon, A. Houard, A.B. Savel’ev, L.V. Seleznev, A.A. Ionin, S.L. Chin, Remote triggering of air-gap discharge by a femtosecond laser filament and postfilament at distances up to 80 m. Appl. Phys. Lett. 119(4), 041103 (2021)
F. Théberge, J.-F. Daigle, J.-C. Kieffer, F. Vidal, M. Châteauneuf, Laser-guided energetic discharges over large air gaps by electric-field enhanced plasma filaments. Sci Rep 7, 40063 (2017)
B.M. Luther, L. Furfaro, A. Klix, J.J. Rocca, Femtosecond laser triggering of a sub-100 picosecond jitter high-voltage spark gap. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(20), 3248–3250 (2001)
L. Arantchouk, A. Houard, Y. Brelet, J. Carbonnel, J. Larour, Y.B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, A simple high-voltage high current spark gap with subnanosecond jitter triggered by femtosecond laser filamentation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(16), 163502 (2013)
F. Théberge, J.-F. Gravel, J.-C. Kieffer, F. Vidal, M. Châteauneuf, Broadband and long lifetime plasma-antenna in air initiated by laser-guided discharge. Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(7), 073501 (2017)
Y. Brelet, A. Houard, G. Point, B. Prade, L. Arantchouk, J. Carbonnel, Y.-B. André, M. Pellet, A. Mysyrowicz, Radiofrequency plasma antenna generated by femtosecond laser filaments in air. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(26), 264106 (2012)
T. Produit, P. Walch, C. Herkommer, A. Mostajabi, M. Moret, U. Andral, A. Sunjerga, M. Azadifar, Y.-B. André, B. Mahieu, W. Haas, B. Esmiller, G. Fournier, P. Krötz, T. Metzger, K. Michel, A. Mysyrowicz, M. Rubinstein, F. Rachidi, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, A. Houard, The laser lightning rod project★. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 93(1), 10504 (2021)
G.J.H. Brussaard, J. Hendriks, Photoconductive switching of a high-voltage spark gap. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(8), 081503 (2005)
J. Hendriks, B.H.P. Broks, J.J.A.M. van der Mullen, G.J.H. Brussaard, Experimental investigation of an atmospheric photoconductively switched high-voltage spark gap. J. Appl. Phys. 98(4), 043309 (2005)
B.L. Fontaine, F. Vidal, D. Comtois, C. Ching-Yuan, A. Desparois, T.W. Johnston, J. Kieffer, H.P. Mercure, H. Pepin, F.A.M. Rizk, The influence of electron density on the formation of streamers in electrical discharges triggered with ultrashort laser pulses. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 27(3), 688–700 (1999)
D. Comtois, C.Y. Chien, A. Desparois, F. Génin, G. Jarry, T.W. Johnston, J.C. Kieffer, B. La Fontaine, F. Martin, R. Mawassi, H. Pépin, F.A.M. Rizk, F. Vidal, P. Couture, H.P. Mercure, C. Potvin, A. Bondiou-Clergerie, I. Gallimberti, Triggering and guiding leader discharges using a plasma channel created by an ultrashort laser pulse. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(7), 819–821 (2000)
T. Fujii, M. Miki, N. Goto, A. Zhidkov, T. Fukuchi, Y. Oishi, K. Nemoto, Leader effects on femtosecond-laser-filament-triggered discharges. Phys. Plasmas 15(1), 013107 (2008)
A. Schmitt-Sody, D. French, W. White, A. Lucero, W.P. Roach, V. Hasson, The importance of corona generation and leader formation during laser filament guided discharges in air. Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(12), 124101 (2015)
A. Schmitt-Sody, J. Elle, A. Lucero, M. Domonkos, A. Ting, V. Hasson, Dependence of single-shot pulse durations on near-infrared filamentation-guided breakdown in air. AIP Adv. 7(3), 035018 (2017)
M. Miki, A. Wada, Guiding of electrical discharges under atmospheric air by ultraviolet laser-produced plasma channel. J. Appl. Phys. 80(6), 3208–3214 (1996)
K. Sugiyama, T. Fujii, M. Miki, A. Zhidkov, M. Yamaguchi, E. Hotta, K. Nemoto, Submicrosecond laser-filament-assisted corona bursts near a high-voltage electrode. Phys. Plasmas 17(4), 043108 (2010)
E.W. Rosenthal, I. Larkin, A. Goffin, T. Produit, M.C. Schroeder, J.-P. Wolf, H.M. Milchberg, Dynamics of the femtosecond laser-triggered spark gap. Opt. Express 28(17), 24599–24613 (2020)
S. Tzortzakis, B. Prade, M. Franco, A. Mysyrowicz, S. Hüller, P. Mora, Femtosecond laser-guided electric discharge in air. Phys. Rev. E 64(5), 057401 (2001)
P. Ding, M. Ruchkina, D. Del Cont-Bernard, A. Ehn, D.A. Lacoste, J. Bood, Temporal dynamics of femtosecond-TALIF of atomic hydrogen and oxygen in a nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharge-assisted methane–air flame. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 54(27), 275201 (2021)
D.D. Cont-Bernard, M. Ruchkina, P. Ding, J. Bood, A. Ehn, D.A. Lacoste, Femtosecond two-photon laser-induced fluorescence imaging of atomic hydrogen in a laminar methane–air flame assisted by nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29(6), 065011 (2020)
H. Kojima, K. Hotta, T. Kitamura, N. Hayakawa, A. Otake, K. Kobayashi, T. Kato, T. Rokunohe, H. Okubo, Classification of impulse breakdown mechanisms under non-uniform electric field in air. IEEE Trns. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 23(1), 194–201 (2016)
M. Seeger, T. Votteler, J. Ekeberg, S. Pancheshnyi, L. Sánchez, Streamer and leader breakdown in air at atmospheric pressure in strongly non-uniform fields in gaps less than one metre. IEEE Trns. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 25(6), 2147–2156 (2018)
G. Tamošauskas, L. Šaulys, A. Dubietis, A. Piskarskas, Small scale laser-triggered electrical discharges and their application to characterization of plasma channel induced by light filaments. Lith. J. Phys. 45(1), 37–42 (2005)
L. Arantchouk, G. Point, Y. Brelet, B. Prade, J. Carbonnel, Y.-B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, A. Houard, Large scale Tesla coil guided discharges initiated by femtosecond laser filamentation in air. J. Appl. Phys. 116(1), 013303 (2014)
L. Arantchouk, G. Point, Y. Brelet, J. Larour, J. Carbonnel, Y.B. André, A. Mysyrowicz, A. Houard, Compact 180-kV Marx generator triggered in atmospheric air by femtosecond laser filaments. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(10), 103506 (2014)
H. Xu, Y. Cheng, S.-L. Chin, H.-B. Sun, Femtosecond laser ionization and fragmentation of molecules for environmental sensing. Laser Photon. Rev. 9(3), 275–293 (2015)
H.L. Xu, A. Azarm, J. Bernhardt, Y. Kamali, S.L. Chin, The mechanism of nitrogen fluorescence inside a femtosecond laser filament in air. Chem. Phys. 360(1), 171–175 (2009)
Y. Wei, Y. Liu, T.-J. Wang, N. Chen, J. Ju, Y. Liu, H. Sun, C. Wang, J. Liu, H. Lu, S.L. Chin, R. Li, Spectroscopic analysis of high electric field enhanced ionization in laser filaments in air for corona guiding. High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 4, e8 (2016)
T.-J. Wang, Y. Wei, Y. Liu, N. Chen, Y. Liu, J. Ju, H. Sun, C. Wang, H. Lu, J. Liu, S.L. Chin, R. Li, Z. Xu, Direct observation of laser guided corona discharges. Sci Rep 5, 18681 (2015)
P. Rambo, J. Schwarz, J.-C. Diels, High-voltage electrical discharges induced by an ultrashort-pulse UV laser system. J. Opt. A-Pure Appl. Opt. 3(2), 146–158 (2001)
G. Point, L. Arantchouk, J. Carbonnel, A. Mysyrowicz, A. Houard, Plasma dynamics of a laser filamentation-guided spark. Phys. Plasmas 23(9), 093505 (2016)
J. Bernhardt, W. Liu, F. Théberge, H.L. Xu, J.F. Daigle, M. Châteauneuf, J. Dubois, S.L. Chin, Spectroscopic analysis of femtosecond laser plasma filament in air. Opt. Commun. 281(5), 1268–1274 (2008)
A. Sun, C. Huo, J. Zhuang, Formation mechanism of streamer discharges in liquids: a review. High Volt. 1(2), 74–80 (2016)
M. Akhtar, A. Jabbar, N. Ahmed, S. Mahmood, Z.A. Umar, R. Ahmed, M.A. Baig, Analysis of lead and copper in soil samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy under external magnetic field. Appl. Phys. B 125(6), 110 (2019)
J. Kiefer, J.W. Tröger, Z.S. Li, M. Aldén, Laser-induced plasma in methane and dimethyl ether for flame ignition and combustion diagnostics. Appl. Phys. B 103(1), 229–236 (2011)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant numbers 52176169, 51806149).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gao, Q., Zhu, Z., Li, B. et al. Spatiotemporally resolved spectra of gaseous discharge between electrodes triggered by femtosecond laser filamentation. Appl. Phys. B 128, 184 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-022-07907-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-022-07907-7