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A comparison of two 40Ca+ single-ion optical frequency standards at the 5 × 10−17 level and an evaluation of systematic shifts

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Abstract

A comparison of two optical frequency standards and a detailed study of the systematic frequency shifts of each 40Ca+ single-ion optical frequency standard is presented. The methods used for the systematic shift evaluation of the comparison measurements are also provided. One of the ion traps runs at a chosen operating frequency of 24.7 MHz, determined by the differential scalar polarizability of the clock transition, at which frequency the rf-induced Stark shifts and second-order Doppler shifts cancel each other, yielding a great suppression in the combined micromotion shifts. After compensating for the micromotion, the two optical frequency standards both reach an uncertainty level of a few parts in 10−17, which is more than an order of magnitude smaller compared to a few years ago. The dominant source of uncertainty is the blackbody radiation shift after minimizing the micromotion-induced shifts. The blackbody radiation shift is evaluated by controlling and measuring the temperature at the trap center. With a measurement over one month, the frequency difference between the two clocks is measured to be 3.2 × 10−17 with a measurement uncertainty of 5.5 × 10−17, considering both the statistical (1.9 × 10−17) and the systematic (5.1 × 10−17) uncertainties. Due to improvement of the clock laser and better control of the optical and electromagnetic field geometry and the laboratory conditions, a fractional stability of 7 × 10−17 in 20,000 s of averaging time is achieved. The absolute frequency of the 40Ca+ 4 s2S1/2–3d 2D5/2 clock transition is measured as 411 042 129 776 401.7 (1.1) Hz, with a fractional uncertainty of 2.7 × 10−15 using the GPS satellites as a link to the SI second. Details of the method used for the systematic shift evaluation of the measurements are given.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Ye, P. Dubé, A. Hankin, Z. Fang, C. Ye, J. Li, J. Luo, M. Zhan, and J. Yuan for their help and fruitful discussions. We thank P. Liu, J. Cao, L. Li, L. Chen, Y. Li, and X. Huang for help with the 729-nm laser system. This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant no. 2012CB821301), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 91336211, 11034009,11304363, and 11474318), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China

    Y. Huang, H. Guan, W. Bian & K. Gao

  2. Key Laboratory of Atomic Frequency Standards, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China

    Y. Huang, H. Guan, W. Bian & K. Gao

  3. East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China

    L. Ma

  4. National Institute of Metrology, 100013, Beijing, China

    K. Liang & T. Li

  5. Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China

    K. Gao

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Huang, Y., Guan, H., Bian, W. et al. A comparison of two 40Ca+ single-ion optical frequency standards at the 5 × 10−17 level and an evaluation of systematic shifts. Appl. Phys. B 123, 166 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-017-6731-x

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