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Utilisation of heat-treated single-layer graphene as an electrode for hybrid solar cell applications

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Abstract

There has been tremendous research progress among scientists in the development of hybrid solar cells (HSC) as green solar energy. The research aims to investigate the influence of several types of transparent conductive electrodes on the performance of fabricated HSC. Single-layer graphene (SG)-based film has been identified as a potential replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO)-based film as anode transparent conductive layer (ATCL) in HSC. In this work, we have fabricated ITO-based HSC (ISc), SG-based HSC (GSc), and heat-treated SG-based HSC (HGSc). It was observed that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) was significantly dependent on the types of ATCL. These significant findings are measured by Raman spectroscopy, a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and a solar simulator. The HGSc possesses the best PCE of 1.960%, compared to 1.225% in the ISc, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.5 V, a short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 11.2 mAcm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.35. The properties of heat-treated SG-based film were significantly attributed to PCE enhancement in HSC. As a conclusion, the use of graphene-based film has opened up a new research interest in the solar cell fabrication process.

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Author contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design, as stated in the following: conceptualisation and supervision: MFM and MR. Methodology: MSS and MFM. Formal analysis and investigation: MSS and MFM. Resources: MFM, ABS and SMS. Writing-original draft: MSS and MFM. Writing-review and editing: MSS, MFM, ABS, SMS and MR. Project administration: MFM and ABS. Prior to the submission, all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by grant nos. 600-RMC/YTR/5/3 (005/2021) and 600-RMC/GIP 5/3 (020/2023). The authors would like to thank the Research Management Centre of the University of Southampton Malaysia, Research Management Centre of the Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) and Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE), Malaysia for financial support. The IT support service from the iSolutions of the University of Southampton is greatly acknowledged. The authors also thank Mr. Salifairus Mohammad Jafar (UiTM Senior Science Officer), Mr. Mohd Azlan Jaafar (UiTM assistant engineer), Mr. Suhaimi Ahmad (UiTM assistant engineer) and Mr. Muhamad Faizal Abd Halim (Assistant Research Officer) for their kind support on this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Smart Manufacturing and Systems Research Group (SMSRG), University of Southampton Malaysia (UoSM), 79100, Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia

    M. S. Shamsudin

  2. School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Malaysia (UoSM), 79100, Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia

    M. S. Shamsudin & S. M. Sanip

  3. NANO-SciTech Lab (NST), Centre for Functional Materials and Nanotechnology (CFMN), Institute of Science (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. F. Malek & M. Rusop

  4. Electroactive Materials Research Lab (EMR), Centre for Functional Materials and Nanotechnology (CFMN), Institute of Science (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. F. Malek

  5. School of Physics and Materials Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. F. Malek

  6. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI), 35900, Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia

    A. B. Suriani

  7. NANO-ElecTronic Centre (NET), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. Rusop

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  1. M. S. Shamsudin
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Shamsudin, M.S., Malek, M.F., Suriani, A.B. et al. Utilisation of heat-treated single-layer graphene as an electrode for hybrid solar cell applications. Appl. Phys. A 129, 829 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-07106-x

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