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Microstructured TiO2 coatings by anodization of Ti6Al4V with oxalic acid

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Abstract

Natural oxidation of Titanium allows the formation of a TiO2 coating that is known to present relevant tribological and photocatalytic properties. These aspects can be enhanced with nano-structural tailoring of the TiO2 surface, which can be achieved by electrochemical anodization. This work proposes the use of oxalic acid as an alternative for the anodization of Ti6Al4V with a lower associated risk than fluoride-based electrolytes. Specimens were anodized in an oxalic acid aqueous solution at different voltages and times. Results indicate that anodization at 30 V allows the formation of a porous and amorphous TiO2 coating with a thickness of approximately 5 μm. Increased anodization time does not seem to impact the thickness of the coating. However, it promotes the deposition of stacked-flakes structures on top of the oxide layer, attributed to the formation of titanium oxalates. Subsequent heat treatments at 500 °C for 2 h caused the crystallization of the amorphous TiO2 and the decomposition of the oxalate into TiO2, while retaining the morphology. The transformation is confirmed by Raman spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Compared with untreated Ti6Al4V, specimens anodized for 0.5 h present an increase in microhardness of 27% and a reduction in the average coefficient of friction against 100Cr6 steel of approximately 17% after stabilization. The proposed method allows obtaining a nanostructured TiO2 coating with a fluoride-free electrolyte with properties comparable to other methods.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Zenodo repository, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7155318.

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Acknowledgements

C. Ferreira-Palma thanks Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) for the postdoctoral grant received [EPM-2021]. H.J. Dorantes-Rosales thanks Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN-SIP-BEIFI) for their support. Special thanks to Dr. Didi Mendoza of Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes for her assistance in the XRD tests. Thanks to G. González-Arenas and K.E. Martínez-Lara for their support in SEM analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigación en Micro y Nanotecnología, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río, México

    Carlos Ferreira-Palma, Leandro García-González, Samuel Hernández-Montiel, Julián Hernández-Torres & Luis Zamora-Peredo

  2. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río, México

    Carlos Ferreira-Palma

  3. ESIQIE-DIMM, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, México

    Víctor M. López-Hirata, Manuel A. Beltrán-Zúñiga & Héctor J. Dorantes-Rosales

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  1. Carlos Ferreira-Palma
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Ferreira-Palma, C., García-González, L., Hernández-Montiel, S. et al. Microstructured TiO2 coatings by anodization of Ti6Al4V with oxalic acid. Appl. Phys. A 129, 114 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-06382-x

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