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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Graphene and carbon structures and nanomaterials for energy storage

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This article was retracted on 29 February 2024

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Abstract

There is enormous interest in the use of graphene-based materials for energy storage. This article discusses the progress that has been accomplished in the development of chemical, electrochemical, and electrical energy storage systems using graphene. We summarize the theoretical and experimental work on graphene-based hydrogen storage systems, lithium batteries, and supercapacitors. Graphene could also be a two-dimensional (2D) sheet of carbon atoms in a very hexagonal (honeycomb) configuration. The carbon atoms in graphene are bonded with the SP2 hybrid. Graphene is the most recent member of the multidimensional graphite carbon family of materials. This family includes fullerene as zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes as one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials, and graphite as a three-dimensional (3D) material. The term graphene was first coined in 1986 to form the word graphite and a suffix (s) per polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Additionally, to monolayer and bilayer graphene, graphene layers from 3 to 10 layers are called few-layer graphene and between 10 and 30 layers are called multiplayer graphene, thick graphene, or nanocrystals. Graphene is typically expected to contain only one layer, but there is considerable interest in researching bilayer and low-layer graphene. There are several methods for producing graphene, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Graphene-based materials have great potential to be employed in supercapacitors due to their unique two-dimensional structure and inherent physical properties like excellent electrical conductivity and large area. This text summarizes recent developments within the sector of supercapacitors, including double-layer capacitors and quasi-capacitors. The pros and cons of using them in supercapacitors are discussed. Compared to traditional electrodes, graphene-based materials show some new properties and mechanisms within the method of energy storage and release. During this paper, we briefly describe carbon structures, particularly graphene, and also the history of graphene discovery, and briefly describe the synthesis methods, properties, characterization methods, and applications of graphene.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq

    Omar Dheyauldeen Salahdin

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood branch, Shahrood, Iran

    Hamidreza Sayadi

  3. Department of Chemistry, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam University, Indore, India

    Reena Solanki

  4. Universidad Continental, Lima, Peru

    Rosario Mireya Romero Parra

  5. Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq

    Mohaimen Al-Thamir

  6. Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq

    Abduladheem Turki Jalil

  7. Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Samar Emad Izzat

  8. Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq

    Ali Thaeer Hammid

  9. Humanities Department, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima, Peru

    Luis Andres Barboza Arenas

  10. Arak Branch, Department of Chemical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

    Ehsan Kianfar

  11. Gachsaran Branch, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran

    Ehsan Kianfar

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Contributions

ODS, HS, RS, RMRP, MAT, ATJ, SEI, ATH, LABA, EK: investigation, concept and design, experimental studies, writing—original draft, reviewing and editing. All authors read and approved the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ehsan Kianfar.

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Omar Dheyauldeen Salahdin, Hamidreza Sayadi, Reena Solanki, Rosario Mireya Romero Parra, Mohaimen Al-Thamir, Abduladheem Turki Jalil, Samar Emad Izzat, Ali Thaeer Hammid, Luis Andres Barboza Arenas, Ehsan Kianfar: Investigation, concept and design, experimental studies, writing — original draft, reviewing and editing.

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We consider that the submitted is original and unique work and it has not been submitted to another journal simultaneity. The work is a single study and it is not into several parts, and results are presented clearly, honestly, and without, falsification or inappropriateness of the data manipulation. The study submitted is part of my doctoral thesis. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. This work does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Finally, additional informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for whom identifying information is included in this paper.

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Salahdin, O.D., Sayadi, H., Solanki, R. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Graphene and carbon structures and nanomaterials for energy storage. Appl. Phys. A 128, 703 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05789-2

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