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Measurement and mapping of cavitation energy in leather and Material Processing vessels using an ultrasonic horn

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Abstract

Ultrasound technology is widely studied for advanced manufacturing. In the present paper, measurement, analysis of ultrasound-induced cavitation and characterization of energy distribution in horn-type ultrasonic probe (20 kHz) are presented. Mapping was made with variation in ultrasound power (USP) [150–500 W], using ultrasonic cavitation energy (UCE) sensor in a cylindrical process vessel of two capacities (1 and 3 L) and energy profiles plotted as 3D graphical representation for different conditions (dp, Hs, Vs) applicable to any given generic process. The results indicate maximum UCE at center of the vessel, coinciding with ultrasound probe axis. There is about 8–16.7% reduction of UCE due to the presence of leather for 3-L and 1-L beaker for various USPs. However, average UCE increases with an increase in USP 150 to 500 W for 3-L beaker, with and without leather. Ultrasound absorption coefficient (α) in goat leather has been calculated to be in the range of 9.5–10 and 19.5–10.4 (m2) Sabins, respectively, for 3-L and 1-L beaker experiments. In 1-L beaker, distance from US probe tip to leather surface at d = 3 and 4 cm provides better UCE: 8.8 and 6.3 W/cm2, respectively, and corresponding better enhancement factor in %Exhaustion: 32.3 and 28.7 in leather dyeing with ultrasound, compared to control. Prediction model of UCE from ultrasound power density, independent of configuration and regression model for various USPs was proposed, found to be comparable with experimental values. This analysis could be useful in design and development of ultrasound system for scale-up in a broader perspective and for leather in specific.

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Acknowledgements

V.S thanks and is indebted to the Department of Science Technology (DST)—Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, GoI, India, for the research grant and fund provided for this project Ref. No. EMR/2015/000202. He also thanks CSIR-CLRI for the support. He is grateful to all his guides and mentors for their encouragement and motivation. He also thanks the anonymous reviewers for the manuscript for their valuable comments in improving the quality of the paper.

Funding

This study was funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, GoI, India, project Ref. No. EMR/2015/000202.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, CSIR- Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600 020, India

    Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar & Resmi Mohan

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  1. Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar
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  2. Resmi Mohan
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VS was involved in conceptualization, methodology and supervision, and RM was involved in investigation and visualization.

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Correspondence to Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar.

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Sivakumar, V., Mohan, R. Measurement and mapping of cavitation energy in leather and Material Processing vessels using an ultrasonic horn. Appl. Phys. A 128, 27 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04977-w

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