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Hierarchical titania nanostructures prepared with focused ion beam-assisted anodisation of titanium in an aqueous electrolyte

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Abstract

Titania nanostructures have been prepared by anodisation in aqueous solution assisted by focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The structures formed are bi-periodic, a disordered “native” nanotube array, with characteristics similar to those formed by the standard anodisation process and an ordered array of tubes with larger diameters, guided by the positioning of the FIB concave pits. Low kV EDX analysis shows implanted Ga in FIB-treated titanium which is efficiently removed by the anodisation process. Following thermal annealing, the FIB-treated regions also crystallise to the same anatase phase as the native regions. This result is in stark contrast to previous FIB-assisted anodisation studies which only produced nanostructured arrays of native dimensions. This singularity is discussed in terms of the stable FIB-induced crystalline defects which, in an aqueous electrolyte, can result in the growth of a weaker barrier layer and larger tubes. This novel process gave hexagonal and square arrays with tailored cross-sectional dimensions and therefore has potential for the synthesis of novel meta-materials.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Royal Society through the International Joint Project scheme as well as the Department of Employment and Learning of Northern Ireland (DELNI) for their financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Center, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB, UK

    Pradeep K. Yadav, Patrick Lemoine, Graham Dale, Jeremy W. J. Hamilton, Patrick S. M. Dunlop & John A. Byrne

  2. LETI-DTBS-SBSC, 17 rue des martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France

    Pascal Mailley

  3. Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK

    Colin Boxall

Authors
  1. Pradeep K. Yadav
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  2. Patrick Lemoine
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  3. Graham Dale
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  5. Patrick S. M. Dunlop
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Correspondence to Patrick Lemoine.

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Yadav, P.K., Lemoine, P., Dale, G. et al. Hierarchical titania nanostructures prepared with focused ion beam-assisted anodisation of titanium in an aqueous electrolyte. Appl. Phys. A 119, 107–113 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8967-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8967-1

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