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Highly repetitive space-use dynamics in parrotfishes

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A Correction to this article was published on 08 June 2022

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Abstract

Understanding space-use patterns in parrotfish (Scarini) is especially important for coral reefs, where herbivores play a key role in maintaining reef health. However, we lack the long-term high-resolution data needed to understand parrotfish space-use patterns over time. We examine long-term space-use dynamics in parrotfish (median duration: 359 days) by tracking 23 terminal-males of three species along a coral reef in the Northern Red Sea Gulf of Aqaba. We used acoustic telemetry to track horizontal movement along the reef, depth, and activity (through tri-axial accelerometers), and quantify the effect of environmental factors such as water temperature and algal abundance on long-term patterns. We found that in the species examined, nearly all individuals maintained a highly consistent spatial pattern throughout the study duration, in which they repeatedly moved along a distinct route between nighttime sleeping areas and spatially constrained daytime areas. Individual patterns were surprisingly conserved over time, despite seasonal changes and variation in resource abundance. Individuals differed considerably in their daily travel distance, with some traveling up to 2000 m along the reef, while others moved only between deep and shallow areas. Activity levels consistently peaked around mid-day, regardless of the location of their daytime areas, which behavioral surveys confirm are associated with feeding activities. We also detected peaks in activity during early mornings when surveys detect that parrotfish interacted in large aggregates (typically 30–60 individuals). Our findings indicate that space-use patterns vary among individuals but are extremely conservative within individuals over long time periods. This in turn may have important consequences to the health of reefs, as individual parrotfish may be less likely to alter foraging patterns as conditions change. Furthermore, the high fidelity to limited sleeping and daytime areas may be a source of concern, as local small-scale disturbances may strongly disrupt individual space-use patterns.

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Data availability

Acoustic telemetry: Metadata are stored online at the Ocean Tracking Network data portal (https://members.oceantrack.org/projects). Detection data and explanatory variables are available at https://github.com/belmaker-lab/parrotfish_telemetry/raw/main/data_for_repository.rds. Meteorological data are available at (http://www.meteo-tech.co.il/eilat-yam/eilat_download_en.asp). Algae abundance and growth rate data are available at (http://www.meteo-tech.co.il/EilatYam_data/ey_algae_plates_download_data.asp).

Code availability

Package rptGam for repeatability estimates from GAMMs is available at (https://github.com/elipickh/rptGam).

Change history

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Ocean Tracking Network at Dalhousie University for technical support and data storage; Daphna Shapiro-Goldberg for proofreading and language editing; Tal Perevolotsky for help with fieldwork and meaningful feedback on the project; and Oded Gon for support with processing geospatial data. Finally, we thank the reviewers for their valuable and insightful review of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Schulich Ocean Studies Center Initiative at Dalhousie University (Canada), a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Renanel Pickholtz, Revital Zamsky, Tal Gavriel & Jonathan Belmaker

  2. Department of Life-Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel

    Moshe Kiflawi & Inbal Kahan

  3. The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences of Eilat, 88103, Eilat, Israel

    Renanel Pickholtz & Moshe Kiflawi

  4. Evolutionary Physiology and Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 1J8, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Glenn T. Crossin

  5. Independent Researcher, Piscataway, NJ, USA

    Eliezer Y. Pickholtz

  6. Steinhart Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Jonathan Belmaker

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  1. Renanel Pickholtz
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Contributions

Study was conceived by RP, MK, GC, and JB. Study design was performed by RP, MK, GC, TG, and JB. Collection of acoustic (tracking) data was performed by RP and supported by IK, RZ and TG. Collection of visual survey data was performed by IK and RZ. Analyses were performed by RP and supported by MK, EP, and JB. Analytical tools (rptGAM package) were developed by EP and supported by RP. The first draft of the manuscript was written by RP and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Renanel Pickholtz.

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Conflict of interest

We declare we have no conflict of interest nor competing interests.

Ethical approval

Tagging and handling of parrotfish were conducted according to ethical guidelines, specified by the committee for ethical care and use of animals in experiments, Ben Gurion University of the Negev (permit #IL-17-04-2016). Fish collection and deployment of acoustic equipment on the reef were approved by the Israeli Nature and Parks Authority (INPA, permits #41872, #42197).

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Pickholtz, R., Kiflawi, M., Crossin, G.T. et al. Highly repetitive space-use dynamics in parrotfishes. Coral Reefs 41, 1059–1073 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02258-3

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