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Survey of neck posture, mobility and muscle strength among schoolchildren

Untersuchung der Haltung, Beweglichkeit und Muskelkraft des Halses bei Schulkindern

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Abstract

Background

Degenerative diseases of the cervical spine have become a public health problem. In the etiology faulty neck posture and weakened neck muscles have been published. The objective of this study was to survey the neck posture, mobility and muscle strength among schoolchildren.

Subjects and methods

The subjects were 428 schoolchildren aged 9, 12 and 16 years with equal proportions of girls and boys. Anthropometric data: body mass index (BMI) values were calculated and neck length was measured. Neck posture was characterized by three angles: craniovertebral (CVA), head tilt (HTA) and shoulder (SHA) angles. The range of movement was measured by a goniometer. Isometric neck muscle strength was measured by a dynamometer in five directions: flexion, extension, side bending on both sides and nodding. A group of the 12-year-olds, who were labeled as “weaks” on the basis of cluster analysis, took part in a 2‑month exercise training at the school.

Results

The BMI correlated to the neck muscle strength and was inversely proportional to mobility and the CVA values. Mobility was significantly reduced in the 16-year-old children compared to the 9 and 12-year-old children. The CVA values were found to be reduced between ages 9 and 16 years with the average of 8°, the SHA values higher with 13°, the HTA values with 1.3° higher. Muscle strength values in the different age groups were increased with age where the average value in the 9‑year-old age group was 96.65 N, in the 12-year-old age group 133.4 N and in the 16-year-old age group 141.25 N. No significant differences were found between the 12 and 16-year-old age groups. The neck muscle strengthening exercises at school resulted in 2 or 3 times higher muscle strength values and significantly higher CVA values but lower SHA and HTA values that showed the correction of neck posture.

Conclusion

Neck posture deteriorated with age, i.e. the neck became more forwardly projected and the shoulders more protracted between the ages of 9 and 16 years. The neck mobility of the 16-year-olds was significantly reduced compared to 9 and 12 years old and the neck muscle strength, especially in nodding of the 16-year-olds was relatively reduced compared to younger ages. Strengthening exercises performed at schools resulted in a 2 to 3‑fold increase in muscle strength and significant correction in neck posture.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Degenerative Erkrankungen der Halswirbelsäule stellen mittlerweile ein Problem der öffentlichen Gesundheit dar. Bezüglich ihrer Ätiologie wird in der Literatur auf eine falsche Kopfhaltung und geschwächte Halsmuskulatur hingewiesen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Haltung, Beweglichkeit und Muskelkraft des Halses bei Schulkindern zu untersuchen.

Probanden und Methoden

An der Studie nahmen 428 Schulkinder im Alter von 9, 12 und 16 Jahren teil, Mädchen und Jungen zu gleichen Anteilen. Anthropometrische Daten: Gewicht und Größe wurden gemessen und daraus der Body-Mass-Index(BMI)-Wert berechnet, darüber hinaus wurde die Halslänge gemessen. Die Kopfhaltung wurde durch 3 Winkel gekennzeichnet: Der kraniovertebrale [„craniovertebral angle“ (CVA)], Kopfüberstreckungs- [„head tilt angle“ (HTA)] und Schulterwinkel [„shoulder angle“ (SHA)] wurden ermittelt. Die Bestimmung des Bewegungsumfangs erfolgte mit einem Goniometer (Winkelmesser). Die isometrische Kraft der Halsmuskulatur wurde mit einem Dynamometer in 5 Richtungen ermittelt: Flexion, Extension, Kopfneigung zu beiden Seiten und Kopfnicken. Eine Gruppe der 12-Jährigen, die auf der Grundlage der Clusteranalyse als „schwach“ bezeichnet wurde, nahm an einem 2‑monatigen Bewegungstraining in ihren jeweiligen Schulen teil.

Ergebnisse

Der BMI korrelierte mit der Halsmuskelkraft und war umgekehrt proportional zur Beweglichkeit und den CVA-Werten. Die Beweglichkeit war bei den 16-Jährigen im Vergleich zu den 9‑ und 12-Jährigen signifikant eingeschränkt. Die CVA-Werte stellten sich beim Vergleich der 16-Jährigen als im Durchschnitt um 8° gegenüber den 9‑Jährigen geringer heraus, die SHA-Werte als um 13° höher, die HTA-Werte waren bei den 16-Jährigen um 1,3° höher. Die Werte für die Muskelkraft in den verschiedenen Altersgruppen nahm mit dem Alter zu, der Durchschnittswert in der Gruppe der 9‑Jährigen betrug 96,65 N, in der Gruppe der 12-Jährigen 133,4 N und in der Gruppe der 16-Jährigen 141,25 N. Zwischen der Gruppe der 12- und der Gruppe der 16-Jährigen war kein signifikanter Unterschied festzustellen. Die Übungen zur Stärkung der Halsmuskulatur in den Schulen bewirkten 2‑ bis 3‑fach höhere Werte für die Muskelkraft und signifikant höhere CVA-Werte, bei niedrigeren SHA und HTA-Werten, was auf die Korrektur der Kopfhaltung hinwies.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Kopfhaltung verschlechtert sich mit dem Alter, d. h., der Hals wird zwischen dem Alter von 9 und dem Alter von 16 Jahren mehr vornübergebeugt und die Schulter mehr vorgezogen. Die Beweglichkeit des Halses ist bei 16-Jährigen signifikant gegenüber der bei 9‑ bzw. 12-Jährigen vermindert. Die Muskelkraft, insbesondere beim Kopfnicken der 16-Jährigen, ist im Vergleich zu den Jüngeren relativ vermindert. Übungen zur Stärkung, die in den jeweiligen Schulen durchgeführt wurden, führten zu einem 2‑ bis 3‑fachen Anstieg der Muskelkraft und einer signifikanten Korrektur der Kopfhaltung.

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Correspondence to G. Ormos PhD.

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G. Ormos states that there are no conflicts of interest.

All studies on humans described in this manuscript were carried out with the approval of the responsible ethics committee and in accordance with national law and the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 (in its current revised form). Informed consent was obtained from all participants or in the case of underage participants from a parent or legal guardian.

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Ormos, G. Survey of neck posture, mobility and muscle strength among schoolchildren. Manuelle Medizin 54, 156–162 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00337-016-0133-8

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