Abstract
Information on factors contributing to the morbidity and mortality of the Bering–Chukchi–Beaufort seas stock of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) is fundamental to its successful management and recovery. The Alaska Arctic coastline is remote and expansive, making monitoring for and gross examination of carcasses difficult. However, sighting data and imagery collected during aerial surveys in the eastern Chukchi (EC) and western Beaufort (WB) seas from 2009 through 2019 provide information on bowhead whale mortality. We present bowhead whale carcass data from the 2019 aerial surveys that add to the long series of consistent information on floating and beach-cast bowhead whale carcasses. The 2019 carcass data suggest an increased occurrence of probable killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation on bowhead whales in the WB. Eleven bowhead whale carcasses were photo-documented from July to October 2019 in the EC and WB study areas. Of the 11 carcasses documented, 7 had injuries consistent with probable killer whale predation—2 in the EC and 5 in the WB. Probable cause of death could not be assigned to four carcasses. No carcasses were associated with aboriginal subsistence hunting. Despite similar annual survey effort from 2009 to 2019, several compelling deviations in carcass numbers and locations were observed in 2019. Compared to 2009–2018, 2019 had the highest yearly number of documented carcasses and the most categorized as probable killer whale predation. Carcass locations exhibited a striking shift from the EC to the WB. Lastly, more carcasses were categorized as probable killer whale predation in the WB during 2019 than in 2009–2018 combined.
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Acknowledgments
Funding for, and co-management of, the Aerial Surveys of Arctic Marine Mammals (ASAMM) project were provided by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Alaska Region, under Interagency Agreements M07RG13260, M11PG00033, M16PG00013, and M17PG00031 with the Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), and supported by Cathy Coon, Jeffrey Denton, Carol Fairfield, Chuck Monnett, and Richard Raymond. ASAMM was co-managed by the Marine Mammal Laboratory, AFSC, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with support from Robyn Angliss, Phillip Clapham, Mary Foote, Nancy Friday, Ben Hou, Jim Lee, Kim Shelden, and Janice Waite. At the Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, administrative personnel provided support. We thank the ASAMM biologists; NOAA Aircraft Operations Center and Clearwater Air, Inc., pilots and mechanics for keeping ASAMM airborne; the Bureau of Land Management for flight following; and Mike Hay (XeraGIS) for programming support. Thank you to the North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management biologists and stranding teams. We sincerely thank Bill Koski, Gay Sheffield (University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant), Janice Waite (NOAA), and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable feedback on this manuscript. The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views or opinions expressed herein, are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of NOAA or the US Department of Commerce. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA.
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AW and RS conceived and designed the study. MF coordinated and managed the Aerial Surveys of Arctic Marine Mammals project in 2019. AW, AB, and MF contributed to the collection of these data. AW and RS investigated Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) mortality. AW wrote the manuscript with participation from AB, MF, and RS. AW created the figure and table. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Willoughby, A.L., Ferguson, M.C., Stimmelmayr, R. et al. Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) carcasses documented during the 2019 aerial surveys in the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort seas: a follow-up to evidence of bowhead whale and killer whale (Orcinus orca) co-occurrence during 2009–2018. Polar Biol 45, 1723–1728 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03097-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-022-03097-2