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Neuromorphological disparity in deep-living sister species of the Antarctic fish genus Trematomus

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Abstract

Because sister species share a phenotypic axis, they hold morphological and ecological traits in common and, when sympatric, are ideal subjects for examining the extent of morphological divergence associated with the non-shared ecological parameters of the niche. Trematomus lepidorhinus and T. loennbergii have overlapping depth ranges of > 1000 m and occupy the deep shelf-upper slope niche in the waters of East Antarctica, an area where glacial troughs and their 1000–1500 m-deep landward basins (innershelf depressions) encompass 40% of the sea floor. The sense organ and brain divergence between the two species at the gross anatomical and histological levels involves differences in: number of olfactory lamellae, composition of the photoreceptor array and the number of retinal cells, size of the cephalic lateral line pores, and overall size of the brain and degree of development of different brain regions. Size and shape of the sagittal otoliths also differ. The morphology is unequivocally differentiating for habitat depths and conclusively documents a shift toward reliance on non-visual senses in T. loennbergii, consistent with collection data indicating this species lives at greater depths than T. lepidorhinus. Depths of peak abundances—200–500 m for T. lepidorhinus and 600–800 m for T. loennbergii—are the major differentiating parameter, with the ≈300 m differential between the peaks providing considerable, although not absolute, habitat separation. This is also reflected in the greater absolute abundances of the shallower-living T. lepidorhinus in trawl catches. Only T. loennbergii is found near the floors of 1000–1500 m-deep innershelf depressions, a distinctive microhabitat on the high latitude shelf.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

reproduced with permission from Fishes of the Southern Ocean (1990, Figs. 46–47, pp. 321–322), © South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. Illustrations by Voorvelt from DeWitt et al. (1990)

Fig. 3

modified from Fig. 12 in Marine Geology, 2014, 352:4–24, Harris et al. Geomorphology of the oceans, with permission from Elsevier B.V

Fig. 4

modified from IBCSO, available at www.ibcso.org (Arndt et al. 2013)

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Acknowledgements

We thank Romain Causse (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris) for his efforts in providing the loan of specimens from the Indian Ocean sector and Michael J. Lannoo (Indiana University School of Medicine–Terre Haute) for perfusing brains of specimens of Trematomus during NBP cruise 97-9. We are also grateful to Taeko Miyazaki (Mie University, Japan) for assisting in our interpretation of retinal histology, to Danette Pratt for her illustrations in Figs. 9 and 11, and to Emilio Riginella who collected and provided samples for otolith shape analyses. Reviewers Michael Matschiner, John C. Montgomery and Sara Ferrando provided valuable comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by US NSF ANT 94-16870 and ANT 04-36190 to JTE, and by the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA), Project 2013/C1.07 to MLM.

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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA

    Joseph T. Eastman

  2. Istituto di Scienze Polari (ISP), CNR, c/o Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy

    Mario La Mesa

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JTE conceived the project. JTE and MLM designed research. JTE and MLM conducted field and lab work. JTE and MLM analyzed data, wrote the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript.

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Eastman, J.T., La Mesa, M. Neuromorphological disparity in deep-living sister species of the Antarctic fish genus Trematomus. Polar Biol 44, 315–334 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02794-0

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