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Mitochondrial genome diversity and population mitogenomics of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Arctic dwelling gadoids

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Abstract

High-latitude fish typically exhibit a narrow thermal tolerance window, which may pose challenges when coping with temperatures that shift outside of a species’ range of tolerance. Due to its role in aerobic metabolism and energy balance, the mitochondrial genome is likely critical for the acclimation and adaptation to differing temperature regimes in marine ectotherms. As oceans continue to warm, there is growing need to understand the ability of organisms to respond to changing environmental conditions given evidence that some species, in particular cold-water species, may already be experiencing difficulties. To assess how Arctic gadids in Alaska have responded to differential thermal preferences in the past and how regions are interconnected, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes for four Arctic gadids to determine the distribution of mitochondrial diversity and population-level structure as well as to detect signatures of selection acting on the mitochondrial genome. We found little population-level structure within all four species with the clear exception of Gulf of Alaska saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis). Northern localities exhibited higher levels of genetic diversity and primarily northern lineages were observed within polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and saffron cod, likely reflecting asymmetrical dispersal and potentially admixture of distinct lineages via ocean currents. The main evolutionary force shaping the evolution of the mitogenome appears to be purifying selection, but we also identified potential positive selection of candidate amino acid replacements primarily in complex I (ND genes) in polar cod. The high levels of mitochondrial diversity observed in our study and large population size may provide this species with the ability to respond evolutionarily (i.e. long-term) to a changing environment.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Bureau of Ocean Energy and Management (BOEM) Environmental Studies Program, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK under Agreement Number M14PG0008. The methods and results follow those outlined in a prepublication report of Wilson et al. (2017) and were further augmented and interpreted in this manuscript. This research used resources of the Core Science Analytics and Synthesis Advanced Research Computing program at the U.S. Geological Survey. We thank Brenda Norcross (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Vanessa von Biela (U.S. Geological Survey), Lorena Edenfield (University of Alaska Fairbanks), Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and the University of Washington Burke Museum Fish Collection for providing samples for this study, Gabriel DeGange and George K. Sage for laboratory support, Alexandra Pavlova for advice on analysis, and Han Ming Gan (Deakin University) for saffron cod mitogenome assembly support. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA

    Robert E. Wilson, Sarah A. Sonsthagen & Sandra L. Talbot

  2. College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99821, USA

    Noel Smé & A. J. Gharrett

  3. Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada

    Andrew R. Majewski

  4. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA

    Kate Wedemeyer

  5. Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada

    R. John Nelson

  6. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, V8L 5T5, Canada

    R. John Nelson

Authors
  1. Robert E. Wilson
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  2. Sarah A. Sonsthagen
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  3. Noel Smé
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  4. A. J. Gharrett
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  5. Andrew R. Majewski
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  6. Kate Wedemeyer
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  7. R. John Nelson
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  8. Sandra L. Talbot
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Contributions

REW, SAS, KW, and SLT contributed to the study conception and design; NS, AJG, ARM, KW, RJN collected/obtained cod specimens, REW and SAS collected sequence data, REW analyzed the data and lead writing, and all authors contributed to writing the paper and approve this version.

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Correspondence to Robert E. Wilson.

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This article belongs to the special issue on the “Arctic Gadids in a Changing Climate”, coordinated by Franz Mueter, Haakon Hop, Benjamin Laurel, Caroline Bouchard, and Brenda Norcross.

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Wilson, R.E., Sonsthagen, S.A., Smé, N. et al. Mitochondrial genome diversity and population mitogenomics of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Arctic dwelling gadoids. Polar Biol 43, 979–994 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02703-5

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