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Effects of penguin guano and moisture on nitrogen biological fixation in maritime Antarctic soils

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Abstract

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a high energy-demanding process that may be inhibited by penguin guano. We tested this hypothesis in Ardley Island by measuring BNF in biological soil crusts (BSC) directly within a Penguin Colony and in sites unaffected by penguins. We also explored the effect of adding guano to BSCs in sites free of the influence of penguins. Water availability is also one of the most limiting elements for life in the Antarctica, and we expected that a wetter growing season would stimulate BNF. To evaluate the effect of moisture on BNF, we added water to BSCs under laboratory conditions and estimated BNF by means of the acetylene reduction assay during three growing seasons (2012, 2013 and 2014), with contrasting temperature and precipitation conditions. The results reveal an almost complete inhibition of N fixation in the BSCs of the Penguin Colony. In sites free of ammonium and phosphate in rainwater, BNF rates reached up to 3 kg N ha−1 year−1 during warmer and wetter years. The addition of guano to BSCs significantly inhibited the rates of BNF. In laboratory incubations, the addition of water significantly stimulated rates of BNF during the warmer growing season with more sunshine hours. The likely increases in soil moisture levels due to climate change and glacier melting in the Antarctic Peninsula may enhance the rates of BNF. However, this may be constrained by accompanying changes in the distribution of Penguin Colonies.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the projects INACH T01-11 and Fondecyt 1130353. We are grateful to Claudia Mansilla and Carla Henriquez for their help in the field and INACH for logistic support. International travel for R. McCulloch and C. Mansilla was funded by the University of Stirling. We are also grateful to three anonymous reviewers that greatly helped to improve the first version of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile

    Cecilia A. Pérez

  2. Universidad de Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes, 01890, Punta Arenas, Chile

    Juan C. Aravena

  3. Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115, Bonn, Germany

    Cristóbal Ivanovich

  4. Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK

    Robert McCulloch

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  1. Cecilia A. Pérez
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  4. Robert McCulloch
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Correspondence to Cecilia A. Pérez.

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Pérez, C.A., Aravena, J.C., Ivanovich, C. et al. Effects of penguin guano and moisture on nitrogen biological fixation in maritime Antarctic soils. Polar Biol 40, 437–448 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-1971-5

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