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Fabrication of polyaniline/zinc oxide nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and adsorption of methylene orange

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Abstract

In the present work, PANi/ZnO nanocomposite has been chemically synthesized by using formic acid. PANi/ZnO nanocomposites containing different weight content of ZnO nanoparticles (10, 20 and 30 wt%). ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by the co-precipitation method. Characteristics such as structural, morphological and absorption of the prepared nanocomposites were studied by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and UV–vis spectra. X-ray diffraction of zinc oxide nanoparticles confirmed formation of hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure, also the substituted zinc oxide nanoparticles in different percentage to semi-crystalline polyaniline indicating nearly the same crystalline structure of PANi/ZnO nanocomposites. The average crystallite size of prepared samples was estimated using XRD, ranging from 11.66 to 25.26 nm, and SEM images revealed an average particle size of 19.72–15.03 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) of ZnO nanoparticles, PANi and their composites have been analyzed in the frequency range between 400 and 4000 cm−1. The characteristic FT-IR peaks of ZnO nanoparticles show shifts to lower wave numbers in all composites. These observed effects may be due to conjugation and some chemical interactions between ZnO nanoparticles and PANI molecular chain. The results confirmed that the PANI successfully grown on surface of ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnO nanoparticles, PANI and PANi/ZnO nanocomposites were further applied to remove methylene orange dye, the effect of pH, initial dye concertation and ZnO nanoparticles dose were investigated via a batch experimental. According to the results, that the hybrid composite of PANi/ZnO increased the photo degradation of methylene orange dye molecules in aqueous solution compared with parent materials. Maximum removal efficiencies at optimum conditions were higher than 97% at pH 11, concentration of dye:10 mg/l, time equal 40 min and dose 0.1 g of 30%ZnO/70%PANi.

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Abbreviations

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen content

qe :

Adsorption capacity (mg/g)

C i :

Initial concentration (mg L−1)

C f :

Final concentration (mg L−1)

V :

Volume of the solution in (L)

M :

The amount of the adsorbent (g)

Ce :

Concentration of adsorbate at equilibrium state (mg L−1)

qmax :

Langmuir constant relating to adsorption capacity (mg/g)

b:

Constant refers to adsorption energy (L/mg)

\({K}_{f}\) :

Constant related to the adsorption capacity of adsorbent

n:

Constant depends on adsorption intensity value

q t :

The amount of adsorbed dye at time (t) (mg/g)

K 1 :

Pseudo-first-order equilibrium rate constant (1/min)

K 2 :

Pseudo-second-order rate constant (g/mg min)

MO:

Methyl orange dye

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Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Center of University of Technology-Iraq and Institute for Fundamental Science Studies and physics department of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for facilities supports.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Centre, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

    Saja M. Alardhi, Alyaa H. Abdalsalam & Malaa M. Taki

  2. Department of Petroleum Technology, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

    Ali A. Ati, Ahmed A. Ramadhan & Zeena Yassen Abbas

  3. Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

    Makarim H. Abdulkareem

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  1. Saja M. Alardhi
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Alardhi, S.M., Abdalsalam, A.H., Ati, A.A. et al. Fabrication of polyaniline/zinc oxide nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and adsorption of methylene orange. Polym. Bull. 81, 1131–1157 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04753-1

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