Abstract
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide with prominent physicochemical and biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, nonimmunogenicity, bioadhesion, and antibacterial, antifungal, and hemostatic activity. Due to these properties, it has found many applications in cosmetic, textile, and food industries; agriculture; biotechnology; and pharmaceutical industry and medicine, especially in biomedical applications. The special chemical structure of chitosan allows some specific modifications, and by reducing the size of chitosan particles to nano-size, it becomes an excellent drug nanocarrier. Vancomycin is a typical antibiotic used for bacterial infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. In this work, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were prepared via ionotropic gelation using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linker. The effect of chitosan and TPP concentration on the size of chitosan nanoparticles was studied, and CS/TPP ratio of 1:1 with an average size of nanoparticle about 100 nm was selected. The prepared samples were characterized using DLS, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and SEM techniques. The results confirmed that vancomycin has been loaded successfully on chitosan nanoparticles. Also, it is observed that 40% of vancomycin is released burstly in the first 9 h and after that the drug release is continued gradually to receive 90% at 100 h.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Garg U, Chauhan S, Nagaich U, Jain N (2019) Current advances in chitosan nanoparticles based drug delivery and targeting. Adv Pharm Bull 9(2):195–204. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2019.023
Naeimi M, Tajedin R, Farahmandfar F, Naeimi M, Monajjemi M (2020) Preparation and characterization of vancomycin-loaded chitosan/PVA/PEG hydrogels for wound dressing. Mater Res Express 7:095401. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abb154
Del Prado-Audelo ML, Caballero- Florán IH, Sharifi-Rad J, Mendoza-Mữnoz N, González-Torres M, Urbán-Morlán Z, Florán B, Cortes H, Leyva-Gómez G (2020) Chitosan-decorated nanoparticles for drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 59:101896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101896
Saeed RM, Dmour I, Taha MO (2020) Stable chitosan-based nanoparticles using polyphosphoric acid or hexametaphosphate for tandem ionotropic/covalent crosslinking and subsequent investigation as novel vehicles for drug delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00004
Jhaveri J, Raichura Z, Khan T, Momin M, Omri A (2021) Chitosan nanoparticles-insight into properties, functionalization and applications in drug delivery and theranostics. Molecules 26:272. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020272
Seyam S, Asyilla Nordin N, Alfatama M (2020) Recent progress of chitosan and chitosan derivatives-based nanoparticles: pharmaceutical perspectives of oral insulin delivery. Pharmaceuticals 13:307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13100307
Ahmad A, Mubharak NM, Naseem K, Tabassum H, Rizwan M, Najda A, Kashif M, Bin-Jumah M, Hussain A, Shaheen A, Abdel-Daim MM, Ali S, Hussain S (2020) Recent advancement and development of chitin and chitosan -based nanocomposite for drug delivery: critical approach to clinical research. Arab J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.019
Landriscina A, Rosen J, Friedman AJ (2015) Biodegradable chitosan nanoparticles in drug delivery for infectious disease. Nanomedicine 10(10):1609–1619. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.15.7
Uskokovic´ V, Desai TA (2014) In vitro analysis of nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite/ chitosan composites as potential drug delivery platforms for the sustained release of antibiotics in the treatment of osteomyelitis. J Pharmaceut Sci 103:567–579. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.23824
Duttagupta DS, Jadhav VM, Kadam VJ (2015) Chitosan: a propitious biopolymer for drug delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 12(4):369–381. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201812666150310151657
Chattopadhyay D, Inamdar M (2013) Improvement in properties of cotton fabric through synthesized nano-chitosan application. Indian J Fibre Textil Res 38:14–21
Piras AM, Maisetta G, Sandreschi S, Gazzarri M, Bartoli C, Grassi L, Esin S, Chiellini F, Batoni G (2015) Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the antimicrobial peptide temporin B exertalong-term antibacterial activity in vitro against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Front Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00372
Al-Nemrawi NK, Alsharif SSM, Dave RH (2018) Preparation of chitosan–TPP nanoparticles: the influence of chitosan polymeric properties and formulation variables. Int J Appl Pharm. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i5.26375
Divya K, Jisha MS (2017) Chitosan nanoparticles preparation and applications. Int J Environ Chem Lett 16:101–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0670-y
Jonassen H, Kjøniksen A-L (2011) Optical-scattering method for the determination of the local polymer concentration inside nanoparticles. Phys Rev E 84:022401. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.022401
Kausar R, Khan A, Jamil B, Shahzad Y, I. ul-Haq, (2021) Development and pharmacological evaluation of vancomycin loaded chitosan films. Carbohyd Polym 256:117565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117565
Mahmoudian M, Ganji F (2008) Vancomycin-loaded HPMC microparticles embedded within injectable thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels. J Mol Biol 385:1422–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.026
Karimi S, Moradipour P, Hemati Azandaryani A, Arkan E (2019) Amphotericin-B and vancomycin-loaded chitosan nanofiber for antifungal and antibacterial application. Braz J Pharm Sci 55:e17115. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000117115
Nitanai Y, Kikuchi T, Kakoi K, Hanamaki S, Fujisawa I, Aoki K (2009) Crystal structures of the complexes between vancomycin and cell-wall precursor analogs. J Mol Biol 385:1422–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.026
Zhang Y, Liang R-J, Xu J-J, Shen L-F, Gao J-Q, Wang X-P, Wang N-N, Shou D, Hu Y (2017) Efficient induction of antimicrobial activity with vancomycin nanoparticle-loaded poly(trimethylene carbonate) localized drug delivery system. Int J Nanomed 12:1201–1214. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S127715
Tao J, Zhang Y, Shen A, Yang Y, Diao L, Wang L, Cai D, Hu Y (2020) Injectable chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel/nanoparticle-loaded system for local delivery of vancomycin in the treatment of osteomyelitis. Int J Nanomed 15:5855–5871. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S247088
Xu J, Xu B, Shou D, Xia X, Hu Y (2015) Preparation and evaluation of vancomycin-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles. Polymers 7:1850–1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym7091488
Liu H, Gao C (2009) Preparation and properties of ionically cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles. Polym Adv Technol 20:613–619. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1306
Calvo P, Pez CR, Vila-jato JL, Alonso MJ (1997) Novel hydrophilic chitosan–polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers. J Appl Polym Sci 63:125–132
Lee E, Park SJ, Lee JH, Kim MS, Kim CH (2016) Preparation of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles and their physical and biological properties. Asian J Pharm Sci 11(1):166–167
Quadrado RFN, Fajardo AR (2018) Microparticles based on carboxymethyl starch/chitosan polyelectrolyte complex as vehicles for drug delivery systems. Arab J Chem 3(1):2183–2194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.04.00
Shah A, Yameen MA, Fatima N, Murtaza G (2019) Chemical synthesis of chitosan/silver nanocomposites films loaded with moxifloxacin: their characterization and potential antibacterial activity. Int J Pharm 561:19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.029
Loutfy SA, Alam El-Din HM, Elberry MH, Allam NG, Hasanin MTM, Abdellah AM (2016) Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles: in vitro liver cancer model. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 7:035008. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/7/3/035008
Lazaridou M, Christodoulou E, Nerantzaki M, Kostoglou M, Lambropoulou DA, Katsarou A, Pantopoulos K, Bikiaris DN (2020) Formulation and in-vitro characterization of chitosan-nanoparticles loaded with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFO). Pharmaceutics 12:238. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030238
Gomathi T, Supriya Prasad P, Sudha PN, Anil S (2017) Size optimization and in vitro biocompatibility studies of chitosan nanoparticles. Int J Biolog Macromol 104(Pt B):1794–1806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.057
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hafizi, T., Shahriari, M.H., Abdouss, M. et al. Synthesis and characterization of vancomycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery. Polym. Bull. 80, 5607–5621 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04237-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-022-04237-8