Abstract
Mechanical activation (MA) of industrial carbon black (CB) by steel milling bodies with a diameter of 2 and 8 mm in air is performed. It was found that in the process of MA, the size of the CB aggregates decreases by an order of magnitude. The oxygen content on the carbon surface increases from 1.8 to 8.0 wt.%. Rubbers were prepared and vulcanized from methyl styrene-butadiene rubber (MSBR) industrial and mechanically activated CB; their dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out and strength indicators were determined. The temperature dependences of storage modulus E′ and mechanical loss factor tan δ were obtained. It was found that the glass transition temperature Tg of rubbers with the introduction of MA CB decreases to − 56 °C, compared with industrial CB: − 52 °C. This is due to the smaller size of the CB aggregates and the high oxygen content on the carbon surface. Strength tests have shown that for rubbers with mechanically activated CB, the maximum values of strength and elongation increase by more than 20% compared with the rubbers that contain industrial CB.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Long ChM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA (2013) Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: Physical and chemical distinctions. Environ Pollut 181:271–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009
Donnet JB, Bansal RC, Wang MJ (1993) Carbon Black Science and Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York
Lockwood . Parametric study of a carbon black oil furnace.
Combustion Flame 103:76–90.http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(95)00053-9
Khodabakhshi S, Fulvio PF, Andre E (2020) Carbon black reborn: Structure and chemistry for renewable energy harnessing. Carbon 162:604–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.058
Medalia AI (1967) Morphology of aggregates: I Calculation of shape and bulkiness factors; application to computer-simulated random flocs. J Coll Interface Science 24:393–404
Min-Joo K, Young-Jung H, Fan-Long J, Soo-Jin P (2016) A review: role of interfacial adhesion between carbon blacks and elastomeric materials. Carbon Lett 18:1–10. https://doi.org/10.5714/CL.2016.18.001
Luo K, You G, Zhao X, Lu L, Wang W, Wu S (2019) Synergistic effects of antioxidant and silica on enhancing thermo-oxidative resistance of natural rubber: Insights from experiments and molecular simulations. Mater Des 181:107944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107944
Diaz de Tuesta JL, Quintanilla A, Casas JA, Rodriguez JJ (2017) Kinetic modeling of wet peroxide oxidation with a carbon catalyst. Appl Catal B 209:701–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.031
Serizawa H, Nakamura T, Ito M, Tanaka K, Nomura A (1983) Effect of oxidation black surface on the properties of carbon black-natural rubber systems. Polym J 15:201–206
Baklanova ON, Drozdov VA, Lavrenov AV, Vasilevich AV, Muromtsev IV, Trenikhin MV, Arbuzov AB, Likholobov VA, Gorbunova OV (2015) Mechanical activation of graphite in air: A way to advanced carbon nanomaterials. J Alloys and Compounds 646:145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.05.090
Baklanova ON, Knyazeva OA, Lavrenov AV, Drozdov VA, Trenikhin MV, Arbusov AB, Kuznetsova YuV, Rempel AA (2019) Mechanical treatment as highly effective method of physico-chemical properties control of carbon black. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 279:193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2018.12.013
Avvakumov EG (2009) Fundamentals of mechanical activation, mechanosynthesis and mechanochemical technologies. Publishing House of SB RAS, Novosibirsk
Shi PW, Li QY, Ch LY, Wu ChF (2014) Preparation and characterization of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)-decorated hydrophilic carbon black by one-step in situ ball milling. Colloids Surf, A 443:135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.10.060
Li ZQ, Zhou Y (2010) Structural evolution of a graphite-diamond mixture during ball-milling. Physica B 405:1004–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2009.10.042
Nikonova RM, Larionova NS, Ladyanov VI, AksenovaV V, Rud AD, Kirian IM (2016) Changes of the structure of fullerite and graphite during their mechanical activation. J Alloys and Compounds 682:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.283
Borunova A B, Zhernovenkova Yu V, Streletskii A N, Portnoy V K(2000) Determination of energy intensity of mechanochemical reactors of different types. Book of abstracts of INCOME-3, Prague
Grigorieva TF, Barinov AP, Lyakhov NC (2008) Mechanochemical synthesis in metallic systems. Parallel. Pudl, Novosibirsk
Robertson CC, Lin CJ, Rackaitid M, Roland CM (2008) Influence of Particle Size and Polymer-Filler Coupling on Viscoelastic Glass Transition of Particle-Reinforced Polymers. Macromolecules 41:2727–2731. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma7022364
Bandyopadhyay S, De PP, Tripathy DK, De SK (1995) Effect of Chemical Interaction Between Surface Oxidized Carbon Black and Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber on Dynamic Properties. Journal of 68:719–727. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070580405
Farida E, Bukit N, Marlina E, Bunga G, Bukit F (2019) The effect of carbon black composition in natural rubber compound. Case Studies Thermal Eng 16:100566
Schroder A, Kluppe l M, Schuster R H, (2007) Characterization of Surface Activity of Carbon Black and its Relation to Polymer-Filler Interaction. Macromol Mater Eng 292:885–916. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200700032
Xu S, J. LI, Q. Ye, L. Shen, H. Lin, (2021) Flame-retardant ethylene vinyl acetate composite materials by combining additions of aluminum hydroxide and melamine cyanurate: Preparation and characteristic evaluations. J Colloid Interface Sci 582:525–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j,jcis.2021.01.0250021-9797
Fritzsche J, Kluppe l M, (2011) Structural dynamics and interfacial properties of filler-reinforced elastomers. J. Phys Condens Matter 23:035104
Berki P, Gobl R, Karger-Kocsis J (2018) Structure and properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) with pyrolytic and industrial carbon blacks. Polym Testing 67:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.05.039
Barrett EP, Joiner LG, Halenda PH (1951) The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from Nitrogen Isotherms. J Amer Chem Soc 73:373–380. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a126
Gregg SJ, Sing KSW (1982) Adsorption. Academic Press, London, Surface and Porosity
Thommes M, Kaneko K, Neimark AV, Olivier JP, Rodriguez-Reinozo F, Rouquerol J, Sing KSW (2015) Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 87:1051–1069
Thommes M, Cychosz KA (2014) Physical adsorption characterization of nanoporous materials: progress and challenges. Adsorption 20:233–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-014-9606-z
Boehm H P (1994) Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons. Carbon 32:759–769.http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(94)90031-0 ( 2015) Formation of graphene aqueous suspensions using fluorinated surfactant-assisted ultrasonication of pristine graphite. Carbon 84:38–46.
Herd Ch, Edwards Ch, Curtis J, Crossley S, Schomberg K, Gross Th, Steinhauser N, Kloppenberg H, Hardy D, Lucassen A (2011) Use of surface-treated carbon blacks in an elastomer to reduce compound hysteresis and tire rolling resistance and improve wet traction. Pat WO 2011(028337):A3
Gessler AM (1964) The Reinforcement of butyl with carbon black. Part I, Rubber Age 94:598–606
Hess WH, Lyon F, Burgess KA (1967) Einfluss der Adhäsion zwischen Ruß und kautschuk auf die eigenschaften der vulkanisate. Kautschuk Gummi Kunstst 20:135–141
Monas-Zloczower NA, Tadmor Z (1982) Dispersive Mixing in Internal Mixers—A Theoretical Model Based on Agglomerate Rupture. Rubber Chem Technol 55:1250–1276
Pliskin I, Tokita N (1972) Bound rubber in elastomers: Analysis of elastomer-filler interaction and its effect on viscosity and modulus of composite systems. J Appl Pol Sci 16:473–488
Medalia AJ (1961) Dispersion of Carbon Black in Rubber: Revised Calculation Procedure. Rubber Chem Technol 34:1134–1140
Robertson CG, Hardman NJ (2021) Nature of carbon black reinforcement of rubber: perspective on the original polymer nanocomposite. Polymers 13:538–566
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the governmental order for Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (Project AAAA-A21-121011890076-8). The studies were carried out using facilities of the shared research center “National center of investigation of catalysts” at Boreskov Institute of Catalysis and of the Omsk Regional Center for Collective Use of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baklanova, O.N., Knyazheva, O.A., Lavrenov, A.V. et al. Effect of the aggregates size and oxygen content of carbon black on elastic characteristics of rubber. Polym. Bull. 79, 9503–9521 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03894-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03894-5