Abstract
Polyacrylamide-graft-poly(2-methoxyaniline) [PACM-gr-P2-MeOANI] was synthesized by the oxidative chemical grafting copolymerization of 2-methoxyaniline (2-MeOANI) onto polyacrylamide (PACM). The grafting was performed in aqueous HCl using ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidant. The optimum conditions of the grafting based on the yield were achieved. The kinetic grafting copolymerization rate equation was given. Also, the thermodynamic activation parameters of the copolymerization reaction are calculated to be \(E_{a}\) = 23.3833 kJ mol−1, ∆H = 38.7010 KJ mol−1, ∆S = −251507 J mol−1 K−1 and ∆G = 46.1959 kJ mol−1. The obtained polymer samples at optimum conditions were characterized by IR, EM, XRD and TGA to confirm the suggested structure of obtained polymers. The efficiency of the prepared polymeric samples to remove some metal ions from contaminated water was investigated. The obtained graft is a selective adsorbent for Pb(II) ion present in mixture with Mn(II) and Cr(II) ions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Martins BL, Cruz CCV, Luna AS, Henriques CA (2006) Sorption and desorption of Pb2+ ions by dead Sargassum sp. biomass. Biochem Eng J 27:310–314
Aroua MK, Leong SPP, Teo LY, Yin CY, Daud WMAW (2008) Real-time determination of kinetics of adsorption of lead(II) onto palm shell-based activated carbon using ion selective electrode. Bioresour Technol 99:5786–5792
Manchon-Vizuete E, Macías-García A, Gisbert AN, Fernandez-Gonzalez C, Gomez-Serrano V (2005) Adsorption of mercury by carbonaceous adsorbents prepared from rubber of tyre wastes. J Hazard Mater B 119:231–238
Hartono SB, Qiao SZ, Jack K, Ladewig BP, Hao Z, Lu GQ (2009) Improving adsorbent properties of cage-like ordered amine functionalized mesoporous silica with very large pores for bioadsorption. Langmuir 25:6413–6424
Abd El-Rehim HA, Hegazy EA, El-Hag Ali A (2000) Selective removal of some heavy metal ions from sing treated polyethylene-g-styrene/maleic anhydride membranes. React Funct Polym 43:105–116
Abdel-Aal SE, Gad YH, Dessouki AM (2006) Use of rice straw and radiation-modified maize starch/acrylonitrile in the treatment of wastewater. J Hazard Mater B129:204–215
El-Zawawy WK, Ibrahim MM (2012) Preparation and characterization of novel polymer hydrogel from industrial waste and copolymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyacrylamide. J Appl Polym Sci 124:4362–4370
Ivanov RV, Lozinsky VI, Noh SK, Lee YR, Han SS, Lyoo WS (2008) Preparation and characterization of polyacrylamide cryogels produced from a high-molecular-weight precursor. II. The influence of the molecular weight of the polymeric precursor. J Appl Polym Sci 107:382–390
H Zhang, H Guo, B Wang, L Xiong, S Shi, X Chen (2016) Homogeneous synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamide-grafted cationic cellulose flocculants. J Appl Polym Sci 133. doi:10.1002/app.43106
Amano K, Ishikawa H, Kobayashi A et al (1994) Thermal stability of chemically synthesized polyaniline. Synth Met 62:229–232
Pyo M, Reynolds JR, Warren L et al (1994) Long-term redox switching stability of polypyrrole. Synth Met 68:71–80
Thieblemunt JC, Plache MF, Petrescu C et al (1993) Stability of chemically synthesized polypyrrole films. Synth Met 59:81–96
Neoh KG, Kang ET, Khor SH et al (1990) Stability studies of polyaniline. Polym Degrad Stab 27:107–117
Yalcinkaya S, Cakmak D (2017) Electrochemical synthesis of poly(pyrrole-co-o-anisidine)/chitosan composite films. J Mol Struct 1135:32–43
Chiang CK, Fincher CR Jr, Park YW et al (1977) Electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene. Phys Rev Lett 39:1098
Skotheim T (ed) (1986) Handbook of conducting polymer. I and II. Marcel Dekker, New York
Nalwa HS (ed) (1997) Handbook of organic conducting molecules and polymers I–IV. Wiley, Chicester
Palaniapan S, Amarnath C (2006) A novel polyaniline–maleicacid–dodecylhydrogensulfate salt: soluble polyaniline powder. React Funct Polym 66:1741–1748
Ray E, Esturias GE, Kershner DL et al (1989) Polyaniline doping structure and derivatives. Synth Met 29(1):141–150
Khor SH, Neoh KG, Kang ET (1990) Synthesis and characterization of some polyaniline–organic acceptor complexes. J Appl Polym Sci 40:2015–2025
Reddy KR, Sin BC, Ryu KS, Kim J-C, Chung H, Lee Y (2009) Conducting polymer functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with noble metal nanoparticles: synthesis, morphological characteristics and electrical properties. Synth Met 159:595–603
Arsat R, Yu XF, Li YX, Wlodarski W, Kalantar-zadeh K (2009) Hydrogen gas sensor based on highly ordered polyaniline nanofibers. Sens Actuators B Chem 137:529–532
Xie D, Jiang Y, Pan W, Dan Li ZWu, Li Y (2002) Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline-based gas sensor by ultra-thin film technology. Sens Actuators B Chem 81:158–164
Huang J, Virji S, Weiller BH, Kaner RB (2004) Nanostructured polyaniline sensors. Chem A Eur J 10:1314–1319
Li W, Li D, Xiao H, He B (2016) Facile preparation of gold nanoparticles-decorated poly(o-phenylenediamine) hollow microspheres and their application for the detection of dopamine. High Perform Polym 28(8):993–1002
Li Q, Wu J, Tang Q, Lan Z, Li P, Lin J, Fan L (2008) Application of microporous polyaniline counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochem Commun 10:1299–1302
Chena J, Lia B, Zhenga J, Zhao J, Jing H, Zhu Z (2011) Polyaniline nanofiber/carbon film as flexible counter electrodes in platinum-free dyesensitized solar cells. Electrochem Acta 56:4624–4630
Kim BR, Lee HK, Park SH, Kim HK (2011) Electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics and shielding effectiveness of polyaniline-coated films. Thin Solid Films 519:3492–3496
Kim BR, Lee HK, Kim E, Lee S-H (2010) Intrinsic electromagnetic radiation shielding/absorbing characteristics of polyaniline coated transparent thin films. Synth Met 160:1838–1842
Yoshida K, Ning T, Masahiro Y (2011) Conductive composition and production method thereof, antistatic coating material, antistatic coating, antistatic film, optical filter, and optical information recording medium, and capacitors and production method thereof. Patent US 7916455 B2, USA
Amaya T, Abea Y, Yamamoto H, Kozawa T, Hirao T (2014) Conductivity of poly(2-methoxyaniline-5-phosphonic acid)/amine complex and its charge dissipation property in electron beam lithography. Synth Met 198:88–92
Fehse K, Schwartz G, Walzer K, Leo K (2007) Combination of a polyaniline anode and doped charge transport layers for high-efficiency organic light emitting diodes. J Appl Phys 101:124509
Jang J, Ha J, Kim K (2008) Organic light-emitting diode with polyaniline- poly(styrene sulfonate) as a hole injection layer. Thin Solid Films 516:3152–3156
Sayyah SM, Abd El-Khalek AA, Bahgat AA et al (2001) Kinetic studies of the chemical polymerization of substituted aniline in aqueous solutions and characterization of the polymer obtained part 2: 3-Methylaniline. Int J Polym Mater 49:25
Sayyah SM, Bahgat AA, Abd El-Salam HM (2001) Kinetic studies of the chemical polymerization of substituted aniline in aqueous solutions and characterization of the polymer obtained part 1: 3-Chloroaniline. Polym Int 50:197
Sayyah SM, Abd El-Salam HM (2003) Aqueous oxidative chemical polymerization of N-methylaniline in acid medium and characterization of the obtained polymer. Int J Polym Mater 52:1087
Sayyah SM, Bahgat AA, Abd El-Salam HM (2002) Kinetic studies of the aqueous oxidative polymerization of 3-hydroxyaniline and characterization of the polymer obtained. Int J Polym Mater 51:291
Sayyah SM, Abd El-Salam HM, Bahgat AA (2002) Aqueous oxidative chemical polymerization of 3-methoxyaniline and characterization of its polymer. Int J Polym Mater 51:915
Sayyah SM, Abd El-Salam HM, Wahba YS (2005) Oxidative chemical polymerization of p-sulphanilamide and characterization of the obtained polymer. Int J Polym Mater 54:1
Sayyah SM, Abd El-Salam HM, Azzam EMS (2006) Oxidative chemical polymerization of some 3-alkoxyaniline surfactants and characterization of the obtained polymer. Int J Polym Mater 55:1
Raghava RK, Lee K-P, Iyenger GA (2007) Self-assembly directed synthesis of poly(ortho-toluidine)-metal (gold and palladium) composite nanospheres. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 7:3117–3125
Reddy KR, Lee K-P et al (2008) Facile synthesis of conducting polymer metal hybrid nanocomposite by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization with negatively charged metal nanoparticles. Mater Lett 62:1815–1818
Reddy KR, Lee K-P et al (2006) Facile synthesis of hollow spheres of sulfonated polyanilines. Polym J 38:349–354
Reddy KR, Lee K-P et al (2007) Novel electrically conductive and ferromagnetic composites of poly(aniline-co-aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid) with iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and characterization. Appl Polym Sci 106:1181–1191
Zhang Y-P, Lee S-H, Reddy KR, Gopalan AI, Lee K-P (2007) Synthesis and characterization of core-shell SiO2 nanoparticles/poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) composites. J Appl Polym Sci 104:2743–2750
Xiang Q, Xie H-Q (1996) preparation and characterization of alkali soluble polyacrelamide-g-polyaniline. Eur Polym J. 32(7):865–868
Sharma K, Kumar V, Kait BS, Kumar V, Som S, Kalia S, Swart HC (2015) Synthesis, characterization and water retention study of biodegradable Gum ghatti-poly(acrylic acid–aniline) hydrogels. Polym Degrad Stab J 111:20–31
Bajpai AK, Bajpai J, Soni SN (2008) preparation and characterization of electrically conductive composites of poly(vinyl alcohol)-g-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels impregnated with polyaniline. Express Polym Lett 2(1):26–39
Abd El-Salam HMA, Kamal EHM, Ibrahim MS (2016) Synthesis and characterization of Chitosan-Grafted-Poly(2-Hydroxyaniline) microstructures for water decontamination. J Polym Environ. doi:10.1007/s10924-016-0847-7
Nagara S, Santhosh P, Sankarasubramanian M et al (2005) UV-vis. spectroscopy for following the kinetics of homogeneous polymerization of diphenylamine in p-toluene sulfonic acid. Spectrochim Acta Biomol Spectrosc 62:1–3
Abd El Salam HM, Askalany HG (2016) Synthesis and characterization of crystalline poly(N (2 hydroxyethyl)aniline) microspheres. High Perform Polym. doi:10.1177/0954008316638135
Silverstein RM, Bassler CG, Morill TC (1974) Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds. Wiley, New York
Shaker MA (2015) Adsorption of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions onto chitosan-modified poly(methacrylate) nanoparticles: dynamics, equilibrium and thermodynamics studies. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 57:111–112
Lagergren S (1898) Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption gel oster stoffe. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar 25:1–39
Ho YS, McKay G (1999) Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochem 34:451–465
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University on the continued financial supporting, especially in this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abd El-Salam, H.M., Mohamed, R.A. & Shokry, A. Preparation and characterization of novel and selective polyacrylamide-graft-poly(2-methoxyaniline) adsorbent for lead removal. Polym. Bull. 75, 3189–3210 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2188-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2188-7