Abstract
Purpose
Visible Korean (VK) consists of two-dimensional (2D) images and three-dimensional (3D) models. The VK is used in various educational tools and research sources for anatomy. In this paper, we report on the records of the VK over 20 years.
Methods
Research papers related to Visible Korean were reviewed.
Results
Through this report of VK records, we highlighted the essential points for making true color and ultra-high-resolution sectioned images of human and animal bodies, for making various 2D and 3D applications from the sectioned images, and for good use of the sectioned images and their applications.
Conclusion
In this metaverse age that various virtual environments are required in medical education and research, the VK dataset meets the reality of virtual human models as fundamental data owing to the actual color and high resolution of the VK dataset.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Cho ZH (2009) 7.0 Tesla MRI brain atlas: in-vivo atlas with cryomacrotome correlation. Springer, Heidelberg
Christ A, Kainz W, Hahn EG, Honegger K, Zefferer M, Neufeld E et al (2010) The virtual family-development of surface-based anatomical models of two adults and two children for dosimetric simulations. Phys Med Biol 55:N23-38
Chung BS, Park JS (2019) Real-color volume models made from real-color sectioned images of Visible Korean. J Korean Med Sci 34:e86
Chung BS, Park JS (2020) Whole course of pallidothalamic tracts identified on the sectioned images and surface models. Clin Anat 33:66–76
Chung BS, Park JS (2020) Automatic segmentation of true color sectioned images using FMRIB Software Library: first trial in brain, gray matter, and white matter. Clin Anat 33:1197–1203
Chung BS, Ahn YH, Park JS (2016) Ten triangles around cavernous sinus for surgical approach, described by schematic diagram and three dimensional models with the sectioned images. J Korean Med Sci 31:1455–1463
Chung BS, Han M, Har D, Park JS (2019) Advanced sectioned images of a cadaver head with voxel size of 0.04 mm. J Korean Med Sci 34:e218
Chung BS, Shin DS, Brown P, Choi J, Chung MS (2015) Virtual dissection table including the Visible Korean images, complemented by free software of the same data. Int J Morphol 33:440–445
Chung BS, Chung MS, Lee SB, Youn C, Park JS (2018) Sectioned images of a cat head to contribute to learning of its sectional anatomy. Int J Morphol 36:537–543
Chung BS, Park HS, Park JS, Hwang SB, Chung MS (2021) Sectioned and segmented images of the male whole body, female whole body, male head, and female pelvis from the Visible Korean. Anat Sci Int 96:168–173
Chung BS, Jeon CY, Huh JW, Jeong KJ, Har D, Kwack KS, Park JS (2019) Rise of the Visible Monkey: sectioned images of rhesus monkey. J Korean Med Sci 34:e66
Ellis H (2014) Andreas Vesalius: father of modern anatomy. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 75:711
Gabriel C (1996) Compilation of the dielectric properties of body tissues at RF and microwave frequencies. King’s College London
Gosselin MC, Neufeld E, Moser H, Huber E, Farcito S, Gerber L et al (2014) Development of a new generation of high-resolution anatomical models for medical device evaluation: the Virtual Population 3.0. Phys Med Biol 59:5287–5303
Han M, Lee AK, Choi HD, Jung YW, Park JS (2018) Averaged head phantoms from magnetic resonance images of Korean children and young adults. Phys Med Biol 63:035003
Kim CY, Park JS, Chung BS (2021) Real color model of a cadaver for deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. Appl Sci 11:4999
Kim CH, Choi SH, Jeong JH, Lee C, Chung MS (2008) HDRK-Man: a whole-body voxel model based on high-resolution color slice images of a Korean adult male cadaver. Phys Med Biol 53:4093–4106
Kim CH, Jeong JH, Bolch WE, Cho KW, Hwang SB (2011) A polygon-surface reference Korean male phantom (PSRK-Man) and its direct implementation in Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation. Phys Med Biol 56:3137–3161
Kim CH, Yeom YS, Petoussi Henss N, Zankl M, Bolch WE, Lee C et al (2020) ICRP publication 145: adult mesh-type reference computational phantoms. Ann ICRP 49:13–201
Kim CY, Lee AK, Choi HD, Park JS (2021) Posture-transformed monkey phantoms developed from a Visible Monkey. Appl Sci 11:4430
Lee AK, Byun JK, Park JS, Choi HD, Yun J (2009) Development of 7-Year-old Korean child model for computational dosimetry. ETRI J 31:237–239
Lee AK, Park JS, Hong SE, Taki M, Wake K, Wiart J, Choi HD (2019) Brain SAR of average male Korean child to adult models for mobile phone exposure assessment. Phys Med Biol 64:045004
Moro C, Stromberga Z, Raikos A, Stirling A (2017) The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 10:549–559
Murbach M, Neufeld E, Cabot E, Zastrow E, Córcoles J, Kainz W, Kuster N (2016) Virtual population-based assessment of the impact of 3 Tesla radiofrequency shimming and thermoregulation on safety and B1 + uniformity. Magn Reson Med 76:986–997
Park HS, Choi DH, Park JS (2015) Improved sectioned images and surface models of the whole female body. Int J Morphol 33:1323–1332
Park HS, Chung MS, Shin DS, Jung YW, Park JS (2013) Accessible and informative sectioned images, color-coded images, and surface models of the ear. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 296:1180–1186
Park HS, Shin DS, Cho DH, Jung YW, Park JS (2014) Improved sectioned images and surface models of the whole dog body. Ann Anat 196:352–359
Park HS, Chung MS, Shin DS, Jung YW, Park JS (2015) Whole courses of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, identified in sectioned images and surface models. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 298:436–443
Park JS (2018) Cross-sectional atlas of the human head: with 0.1-mm pixel size color images. Springer, Heidelberg
Park JS (2020) Neuroman: Voxel phantoms from surface models of 300 head structures including 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Health Phys 119:192–205
Park JS (2022) Cross-sectional Atlas of Rhesus Monkey Head: with 0.024-mm pixel size color images. Springer, Singapore
Park JS,You Y (2023) Cross-sectional atlas of human brainstem: with 0.06-mm pixel size color images. Springer, Singapore
Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB (2006) Serially sectioned and segmented images of the mouse for learning mouse anatomy. Korean J Anat 39:305–312
Park JS, Chung BS, Chung MS (2017) Digital anatomy using the surface models in portable document format file for self-learning and evaluation. Digit Med 3:133–137
Park JS, Jung YW, Choi HD, Lee AK (2018) VK-phantom male with 583 structures and female with 459 structures, based on the sectioned images of a male and a female, for computational dosimetry. J Radiat Res 59:338–380
Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB, Lee YS, Har DH, Park HS (2005) Visible Korean human: improved serially sectioned images of the entire body. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 24:352–360
Park JS, Chung MS, Shin DS, Har DH, Cho ZH, Kim YB et al (2009) Sectioned images of the cadaver head including the brain and correspondences with ultrahigh field 7.0 T MRIs. Proc IEEE 97:1988–1996
Said Ahmed MAA (2023) Use of the anatomage virtual table in medical education and as a diagnostic tool: an integrative review. Cureus 15:e35981
Schiemann T, Freudenberg J, Pflesser B, Pommert A, Priesmeyer K, Riemer M et al (2000) Exploring the visible human using the VOXEL-MAN framework. Comput Med Imaging Graph 24:127–132
Shin DS, Park JS, Park HS, Hwang SB, Chung MS (2012) Outlining of the detailed structures in sectioned images from Visible Korean. Surg Radiol Anat 34:235–247
Shin DS, Jang HG, Park JS, Park HS, Lee S, Chung MS (2012) Accessible and informative sectioned images and surface models of a cadaver head. J Craniofac Surg 23:1176–1180
Shin DS, Jang HG, Hwang SB, Har DH, Moon YL, Chung MS (2013) Two-dimensional sectioned images and three-dimensional surface models for learning the anatomy of the female pelvis. Anat Sci Educ 6:316–323
Shin DS, Chung MS, Park JS, Park HS, Lee S, Moon YL, Jang HG (2012) Portable document format file showing the surface models of cadaver whole body. J Korean Med Sci 27:849–856
Spitzer V, Ackerman MJ, Scherzinger AL, Whitlock D (1996) The visible human male: a technical report. J Am Med Inform Assoc 3:118–130
Talairach J, Tournoux P (1988) Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: 3-dimensional proportional system: an approach to cerebral imaging. Stuttgart Thieme
Xie T, Park JS, Zhuo W, Zaidi H (2020) Development of a nonhuman primate computational phantom for radiation dosimetry. Med Phys 47:736–744
Yeom YS, Jeong JH, Kim CH, Han MC, Ham BK, Cho KW, Hwang SB (2014) HDRK-Woman: whole-body voxel model based on high-resolution color slice images of Korean adult female cadaver. Phys Med Biol 59:3969–3984
You Y, Kim CY, Kim SK, Chung BS, Har D, Choi J, Park JS (2022) Advanced-sectioned images obtained by microsectioning of the entire male body. Clin Anat 35:79–86
Funding
This research was also supported by a Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-021R1F1A1063044) and this work was supported by the Dongguk University Research Program of 2024.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
KCY: Manuscript writing. CMS: Project development, Data collection. PJS: Project development, Data management, Manuscript editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors have no potential conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, C.Y., Chung, M.S. & Park, J.S. Visible Korean based on true color sectioned images for making realistic digital human, twenty years’ record: a review. Surg Radiol Anat (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-024-03381-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-024-03381-2