Abstract
Promoting the diversity of biological communities in areas of agricultural production is a very current debate since protected areas may not be sufficient to ensure biodiversity conservation. Among the biological communities affected by the production areas are birds, which show rapid responses to changes in the landscape. Here we seek to understand how landscape planning, concerning its composition and configuration, in areas with a matrix of planted Eucalyptus spp. forests influences the functional diversity of bird assemblages in the Atlantic Forest. Our results show that the spatial distribution design of planted forests in terms of age, land cover and clone types have effects on bird diversity with regard to functional divergence, functional evenness and species richness. These results reinforce the importance of good management for the maintenance of bird diversity. We found that bird functional diversity in planted forest matrices increased with the proximity index, proportion of native vegetation and age importance value, and is negatively influenced by edge density and proportion of forest plantation. For bird conservation, it is thus better to associate Eucalyptus spp. with other cover types in the landscape. These results corroborate that, to increase bird functional diversity, it is possible to associate conservation and production in the same landscape. Mosaic landscapes have great potential to contribute to the conservation of bird biodiversity outside protected areas. However, decisions regarding the management of planted forests and planning of improved areas intended for conservation seem to be decisive to ensure the maintenance of bird biodiversity.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Suzano Celulose e Papel S.A. for providing the data and financial support. We also thank the following agencies for supporting the authors: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) – for the scholarship to Renata S. Melo (Finance Code 001) and to Eduardo R. Alexandrino (CAPES PNPD 2013/1723); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the support to Danilo Boscolo (Process 307810/2022-4); and São Paulo Research Support Foundation - FAPESP for the support to Eduardo R. Alexandrino (Process 2022/01242-7).
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RSM, ERA, DB and SFBF contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by RSM and ERA, statistical analysis were carried out by FRP. The first draft of the manuscript was written by RSM and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Melo, R.S., Alexandrino, E.R., de Paula, F.R. et al. Promoting Bird Functional Diversity on Landscapes with a Matrix of Planted Eucalyptus spp. in the Atlantic Forest. Environmental Management 73, 395–407 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-023-01888-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-023-01888-9