Abstract
Patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) are at increased risk of developing small bowel cancer, since chronic inflammation may trigger the histopathological sequence that begins from low-grade dysplasia of the intestinal epithelium and may eventually lead to malignant transformation. Owing to their location in a portion of the gastrointestinal tract which is not easily accessible to conventional endoscopic techniques, the detection of CD-related small bowel cancers is still a clinical challenge. The radiological features of CD-related small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) in patients with CD have been described in some previous studies, including its appearance in both CT and MRI examinations. Radiological signs of active or fibrostenotic CD may be intermixed with those suggesting the presence of CD-related SBA. In CT studies, the most relevant findings consistent with malignant transformation are the presence of a stricture with irregular asymmetric thickening of small bowel walls, loss of mural stratification, and moderate enhancement after intravenous administration of iodinated contrast media, in association with enlarged adjacent mesenteric lymph nodes. Many of the CD-related SBA features that can be observed on CT imaging are similar to those detectable by MRI. This latter modality provides the additional value of the functional characterization of small bowel strictures, thereby helping to distinguish between inflammatory, fibrotic, and malignant stenosis in the setting of active CD. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/CT enables the metabolic assessment of enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, and PET/MRI fusion imaging can incorporate morphological, functional and metabolic information into a single set of imaging data, thus overcoming the limitations of the separate assessment of each individual modality. Owing to the low incidence and prevalence of this long-term complication of CD, we believe that a detailed multimodality pictorial essay on this topic, also including the PET-CT and fusion imaging documentation of some cases, would be useful to the medical literature.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF, Peyrin-Biroulet L (2017) Crohn's disease. Lancet 389:1741-1755. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31711-1
Simon M, Cosnes J, Gornet JM, Seksik P, Stefanescu C, Blain A, Pariente B, Nancey S, Vuitton L, Nachury M, D'Haens G, Filippi J, Chevret S, Laharie D; GETAID group (2017) Endoscopic Detection of Small Bowel Dysplasia and Adenocarcinoma in Crohn's Disease: A Prospective Cohort-Study in High-Risk Patients. J Crohns Colitis 11:47-52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw123
Laine L, Kaltenbach T, Barkun A, McQuaid KR, Subramanian V, Soetikno R; SCENIC Guideline Development Panel (2015) SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 148:639-651. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.031
Maaser C, Sturm A, Vavricka SR, Kucharzik T, Fiorino G, Annese V, Calabrese E, Baumgart DC, Bettenworth D, Borralho Nunes P, Burisch J, Castiglione F, Eliakim R, Ellul P, González-Lama Y, Gordon H, Halligan S, Katsanos K, Kopylov U, Kotze PG, Krustinš E, Laghi A, Limdi JK, Rieder F, Rimola J, Taylor SA, Tolan D, van Rheenen P, Verstockt B, Stoker J; European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] and the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology [ESGAR] (2019) ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in IBD Part 1: Initial diagnosis, monitoring of known IBD, detection of complications. J Crohns Colitis 13:144-164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy113
Soyer P, Hristova L, Boudghène F, Hoeffel C, Dray X, Laurent V, Fishman EK, Boudiaf M (2012) Small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn disease: CT-enterography features with pathological correlation. Abdom Imaging 37:338-49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-011-9772-3
Chin YH, Jain SR, Lee MH, Ng CH, Lin SY, Mai AS, Muthiah MD, Foo FJ, Sundar R, Ong DEH, Leow WQ, Leong R, Chan WPW (2022) Small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence, manifestation, histopathology, and outcomes. Int J Colorectal Dis 37:239-250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-021-04050-1
Grolleau C, Pote NM, Guedj NS, Zappa M, Theou-Anton N, Bouhnik Y, Panis Y, Cazals-Hatem DL (2017) Small bowel adenocarcinoma complicating Crohn's disease: a single-centre experience emphasizing the importance of screening for dysplasia. Virchows Arch 471:611-617. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-017-2125-z
Canavan C, Abrams KR, Mayberry J (2006) Meta-analysis: colorectal and small bowel cancer risk in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23:1097-104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02854.x
Palascak-Juif V, Bouvier AM, Cosnes J, Flourié B, Bouché O, Cadiot G, Lémann M, Bonaz B, Denet C, Marteau P, Gambiez L, Beaugerie L, Faivre J, Carbonnel F (2005) Small bowel adenocarcinoma in patients with Crohn's disease compared with small bowel adenocarcinoma de novo. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11:828-32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mib.0000179211.03650.b6
Placé V, Hristova L, Dray X, Lavergne-Slove A, Boudiaf M, Soyer P (2012) Ileal adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease: magnetic resonance enterography features. Clin Imaging 36:24-8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2011.03.006
Weber NK, Fletcher JG, Fidler JL, Barlow JM, Pruthi S, Loftus EV Jr, Pardi DS, Smyrk TC, Becker BD, Pasha SF, Bruining DH (2015) Clinical characteristics and imaging features of small bowel adenocarcinomas in Crohn's disease. Abdom Imaging 40:1060-7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-014-0144-7
Barral M, Dohan A, Allez M, Boudiaf M, Camus M, Laurent V, Hoeffel C, Soyer P (2016) Gastrointestinal cancers in inflammatory bowel disease: An update with emphasis on imaging findings. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 97:30-46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.005
Greuter T, Vavricka S, König AO, Beaugerie L, Scharl M; Swiss IBDnet, an official working group of the Swiss Society of Gastroenterology (2020) Malignancies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Digestion 101 Suppl 1:136-145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000509544
Faye AS, Holmer AK, Axelrad JE (2022) Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 51:649-666. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2022.05.003
Hussain T, Jeganathan NA, Karagkounis G, Stocchi L, Shawki S, Holubar SD, Gordon I, Hull T, Liska D (2020) Small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease: a rare but devastating complication. Tech Coloproctol 24:1055-1062. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-020-02269-8
Yu J, Refsum E, Perrin V, Helsingen LM, Wieszczy P, Løberg M, Bretthauer M, Adami HO, Ye W, Blom J, Kalager M (2022) Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors in the small bowel. Ann Oncol 33:649-656. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2022.02.226
Widmar M, Greenstein AJ, Sachar DB, Harpaz N, Bauer JJ, Greenstein AJ (2011) Small bowel adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease. J Gastrointest Surg 15:797-802. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-011-1441-x
Dossett LA, White LM, Welch DC, Herline AJ, Muldoon RL, Schwartz DA, Wise PE (2007) Small bowel adenocarcinoma complicating Crohn's disease: case series and review of the literature. Am Surg 73):1181-7
Laredo V, García-Mateo S, Martínez-Domínguez SJ, López de la Cruz J, Gargallo-Puyuelo CJ, Gomollón F (2023) Risk of Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Keys for Patient Management. Cancers (Basel) 15:871. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030871
Tirath A, Christophi GP, Fraum TJ, Chatterjee D, Deepak P (2018) Mucinous Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma Mimicking Change to Internal Penetrating Phenotype in Well-controlled Crohn's Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 113:1732-1733. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41395-018-0277-3
Partridge SK, Hodin RA (2004) Small bowel adenocarcinoma at a strictureplasty site in a patient with Crohn's disease: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 47:778-81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-003-0101-y
Menon AM, Mirza AH, Moolla S, Morton DG (2007) Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel arising from a previous strictureplasty for Crohn's disease: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 50:257-9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-006-0771-3
Kotanagi H, Kon H, Iida M, Ito M, Koyama K (2001) Adenocarcinoma at the site of ileoanal anastomosis in Crohn's disease: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 44:1210-3. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02234646
Paparo F, Revelli M, Puppo C, Bacigalupo L, Garello I, Garlaschi A, Biscaldi E, Rollandi L, Binda GA, Rollandi GA (2013) Crohn's disease recurrence in patients with ileocolic anastomosis: value of computed tomography enterography with water enema. Eur J Radiol 82:e434-40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.04.033
Svrcek M, Piton G, Cosnes J, Beaugerie L, Vermeire S, Geboes K, Lemoine A, Cervera P, El-Murr N, Dumont S, Scriva A, Lascols O, Ardizzone S, Fociani P, Savoye G, Le Pessot F, Novacek G, Wrba F, Colombel JF, Leteurtre E, Bouhnik Y, Cazals-Hatem D, Cadiot G, Diebold MD, Rahier JF, Delos M, Fléjou JF, Carbonnel F (2014) Small bowel adenocarcinomas complicating Crohn's disease are associated with dysplasia: a pathological and molecular study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 20:1584-92 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000112
Gui X, Köbel M, Ferraz JGP, Iacucci M, Ghosh S, Demetrick DJ (2020) Newly recognized non-adenomatous lesions associated with enteric carcinomas in inflammatory bowel disease - Report of six rare and unique cases. Ann Diagn Pathol 44:151455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.151455
Liao X, Li G, McBride R, Houldsworth J, Harpaz N, Polydorides AD (2020) Clinicopathological and Molecular Characterisation of Crohn's Disease-associated Small Bowel Adenocarcinomas. J Crohns Colitis 14:287-294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz135
Vanoli A, Grillo F, Furlan D, Arpa G, Grami O, Guerini C, Riboni R, Mastracci L, Di Sabatino A (2021) Small Bowel Epithelial Precursor Lesions: A Focus on Molecular Alterations. Int J Mol Sci 22:4388. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094388
Giuffrida P, Vanoli A, Arpa G, Bonometti A, Luinetti O, Solcia E, Corazza GR, Paulli M, Di Sabatino A (2018) Small Bowel Carcinomas Associated with Immune-Mediated Intestinal Disorders: The Current Knowledge. Cancers (Basel) 11:31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11010031
Uchino M, Ikeuchi H, Hata K, Minagawa T, Horio Y, Kuwahara R, Nakamura S, Watanabe K, Saruta M, Fujii T, Kobayashi T, Sugimoto K, Hirai F, Esaki M, Hiraoka S, Matsuoka K, Shinzaki S, Matsuura M, Inoue N, Nakase H, Watanabe M (2021) Intestinal cancer in patients with Crohn's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 36:329-336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15229
Ma L, Shen X, Chen YJ, Zhang Q, Li B, Zhang W. Computed tomography enterography for crohn's disease: correlation between the imaging findings and histopathologic scoring system (2021) Abdom Radiol (NY) 46:4121-4129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-021-03112-w
Bellini D, Rivosecchi F, Panvini N, Rengo M, Caruso D, Carbone I, Ferrari R, Paolantonio P, Laghi A (2019) Layered enhancement at magnetic resonance enterography in inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 25:4555-4566. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i31.4555
Sinha D, Kale S, Kundaragi NG, Sharma S. Mesenteric ischemia: a radiologic perspective (2022) Abdom Radiol (NY) 47:1514-1528. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02867-y
Makanyanga J, Punwani S, Taylor SA (2021) Assessment of wall inflammation and fibrosis in Crohn's disease: value of T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Abdom Imaging 37:933-43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-011-9821-y
Bettenworth D, Bokemeyer A, Baker M, Mao R, Parker CE, Nguyen T, Ma C, Panés J, Rimola J, Fletcher JG, Jairath V, Feagan BG, Rieder F; Stenosis Therapy and Anti-Fibrotic Research (STAR) Consortium (2019) Assessment of Crohn's disease-associated small bowel strictures and fibrosis on cross-sectional imaging: a systematic review. Gut 68:1115-1126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318081
Paparo F, Piccardo A, Clavarezza M, Piccazzo R, Bacigalupo L, Cevasco L, Marinaro E, Rollandi GA (2013) Computed tomography enterography and 18F-FDG PET/CT features of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the small bowel in a patient with Crohn's disease. Clin Imaging 37:794-7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2013.02.010
Chappe C, Salut C, Amiot A, Gaye D, Frulio N, Lapuyade B, Vuitton L, Altwegg R, Gilletta C, Fumery M, Bouguen G, Serrero M, Nachury M, de Suray N, Caillo L, Simon M, Laharie D, Rivière P, Poullenot F (2023) Preoperative Predictors of Neoplasia in Patients Undergoing Small Bowel Resection for Complicated Crohn's Disease: A Multicentre Case-Control Study. Cancers (Basel) 15:2004. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15072004
Ruffolo C, Scarpa M, Polese L, D'Amico FE, Boetto R, Pozza A, D'Incà R, Checchin D, Sturniolo GC, Bassi N, Angriman I (2010) Clinical presentation and diagnosis of intestinal adenocarcinoma in Crohn's disease: analysis of clinical predictors and of the life-time risk. J Gastrointest Surg 14:1746-51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-010-1265-0
Dohan A, Taylor S, Hoeffel C, Barret M, Allez M, Dautry R, Zappa M, Savoye-Collet C, Dray X, Boudiaf M, Reinhold C, Soyer P (2016) Diffusion-weighted MRI in Crohn's disease: Current status and recommendations. J Magn Reson Imaging 44:1381-1396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25325
Schmid-Tannwald C, Schmid-Tannwald CM, Morelli JN, Albert NL, Braunagel M, Trumm C, Reiser MF, Ertl-Wagner B, Rist C (2016) The role of diffusion-weighted MRI in assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. Abdom Radiol (NY) 41:1484-94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-016-0727-6
Shyn PB (2012) 18F-FDG positron emission tomography: potential utility in the assessment of Crohn's disease. Abdom Imaging 37:377-86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-011-9793-y
Groshar D, Bernstine H, Stern D, Sosna J, Eligalashvili M, Gurbuz EG, Niv Y, Fraser G (2010) PET/CT enterography in Crohn disease: correlation of disease activity on CT enterography with 18F-FDG uptake. J Nucl Med 51:1009-14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.109.073130
Maccioni F, Patak MA, Signore A, Laghi A (2012) New frontiers of MRI in Crohn's disease: motility imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion MRI, MR spectroscopy, molecular imaging, and hybrid imaging (PET/MRI). Abdom Imaging 37:974-82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-012-9890-6
Guglielmo FF, Anupindi SA, Fletcher JG, Al-Hawary MM, Dillman JR, Grand DJ, Bruining DH, Chatterji M, Darge K, Fidler JL, Gandhi NS, Gee MS, Grajo JR, Huang C, Jaffe TA, Park SH, Rimola J, Soto JA, Taouli B, Taylor SA, Baker ME (2020) Small Bowel Crohn Disease at CT and MR Enterography: Imaging Atlas and Glossary of Terms. Radiographics 40:354-375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2020190091
Nagtegaal ID, Odze RD, Klimstra D, Paradis V, Rugge M, Schirmacher P, Washington KM, Carneiro F, Cree IA; WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2020) The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Histopathology 76:182-188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13975
Festa S, Zerboni G, Derikx LAAP, Ribaldone DG, Dragoni G, Buskens C, van Dijkum EN, Pugliese D, Panzuto F, Krela-Kaźmierczak I, Mintz HR, Shitrit AB, Chaparro M, Gisbert JP, Kopylov U, Teich N, Vainer E, Nagtegaal I, Hoentjen F, Garcia MJ, Filip R, Foteinogiannopoulou K, Koutroubakis IE, Argollo M, van Wanrooij RLJ, Laja H, Lobaton T, Truyens M, Molnar T, Savarino E, Aratari A, Papi C, Goren I (2022) Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An ECCO CONFER Multicentre Case Series. J Crohn's Colitis 16:940-945. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab217
Le Marc'hadour F, Bost F, Peoc'h M, Roux JJ, Pasquier D, Pasquier B (1994) Carcinoid tumour complicating inflammatory bowel disease. A study of two cases with review of the literature. Pathol Res Pract 190:1185-200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0344-0338(11)80445-0
Friedrich M, Diegelmann J, Schauber J, Auernhammer CJ, Brand S (2015) Intestinal neuroendocrine cells and goblet cells are mediators of IL-17A-amplified epithelial IL-17C production in human inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol 8:943-58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2014.124
Cigrovski Berkovic M, Cacev T, Catela Ivkovic T, Zjacic-Rotkvic V, Kapitanovic S (2014) New insights into the role of chronic inflammation and cytokines in the etiopathogenesis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 99:75-84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000362339
Derikx LA, Vierdag WM, Kievit W, Bosch S, Hoentjen F, Nagtegaal ID (2016) Is the prevalence of colonic neuroendocrine tumors increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease? Int J Cancer 139:535-42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30096
Sigel JE, Goldblum JR (1998) Neuroendocrine neoplasms arising in inflammatory bowel disease: a report of 14 cases. Mod Pathol 11:537-42
Greenstein AJ, Balasubramanian S, Harpaz N, Rizwan M, Sachar DB (1997) Carcinoid tumor and inflammatory bowel disease: a study of eleven cases and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 92:682-5
Danti G, Flammia F, Matteuzzi B, Cozzi D, Berti V, Grazzini G, Pradella S, Recchia L, Brunese L, Miele V (2021) Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (GI-NENs): hot topics in morphological, functional, and prognostic imaging. Radiol Med 126:1497-1507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-021-01408-x
Navin PJ, Ehman EC, Liu JB, Halfdanarson TR, Gupta A, Laghi A, Yoo DC, Carucci LR, Schima W, Sheedy SP (2023) Imaging of Small-Bowel Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 221:289-301. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.22.28877
Norlén O, Montan H, Hellman P, Stålberg P, Sundin A (2018) Preoperative 68Ga-DOTA-Somatostatin Analog-PET/CT Hybrid Imaging Increases Detection Rate of Intra-abdominal Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor Lesions. World J Surg 42:498-505. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-017-4364-1
Piccardo A, Fiz F, Bottoni G, Ugolini M, Noordzij W, Trimboli P (2021) Head-to-head comparison between 18 F-DOPA PET/CT and 68 Ga-DOTA peptides PET/CT in detecting intestinal neuroendocrine tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 95:595-605. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14527
Bennani A, Kharrasse G, Achraf M, Wafa K, Zahi I, Imane K, Mohamed B (2019) Synchronous colonic adenoma and intestinal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma associated with Crohn's disease: a case report and literature review. BMC Cancer 19:966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-6224-x
Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, Habermann TM, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ (2000) Risk of lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 95:2308-12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02316.x
Phillips F, Verstockt B, Ribaldone DG, Guerra I, Teich N, Katsanos K, Filip R, Molner T, Karmiris K; ECCO CONFER Investigators (2022) Diagnosis and Outcome of Extranodal Primary Intestinal Lymphoma in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An ECCO CONFER Case Series. J Crohns Colitis 16:500-505. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab164
Holubar SD, Dozois EJ, Loftus EV Jr, Teh SH, Benavente LA, Harmsen WS, Wolff BG, Cima RR, Larson DW (2011) Primary intestinal lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a descriptive series from the prebiologic therapy era. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:1557-63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21516
Yang H, Zhang H, Liu W, Tan B, Guo T, Gao X, Feng R, Wu K, Cao Q, Ran Z, Liu Z, Hu N, Zhu L, Lai Y, Wang C, Han W, Qian J (2022) Differential Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Primary Intestinal Lymphoma: A Scoring Model Based on a Multicenter Study. Front Oncol 12:856345. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.856345
Radmard AR, Amouei M, Kooraki S, Atashi SN, Montazeri SA, Vaezi M, Laghi A (2020) Potential MR Enterography Features to Differentiate Primary Small Intestinal Lymphoma from Crohn Disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 215:864-873. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.19.22158
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
FP, NP conceptualized the study; EM; MP, AM helped in literature search and data collection; FP, NP, MP were involved in writing—original draft preparation; FP, NP, AM, EM, EFM, AP, LM helped in writing—review and editing; FP, NP, LM supervised the study.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Paparo, F., Panvini, N., Montale, A. et al. Multimodality imaging features of small bowel cancers complicating Crohn’s disease: a pictorial review. Abdom Radiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-024-04201-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-024-04201-2