Abstract
The human gut is composed of diverse microflora which is influenced by dietary intake. Body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle patterns also play a vital role in human health to alter gut microbial composition. Our study aims to determine the impact of alcohol intake, BMI, and diet on gut microbiota and its relationship with gastrointestinal disorders. Thirty-nine gastric biopsies were taken from patients with various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, and all the patient’s lifestyle behavior were recorded in a written proforma. 16S rRNA metagenome analysis for V3-V4 regions was used to examine microbial compositions. The richness and diversity of gut microbiota were analyzed by PERMANOVA using the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index and principal component analysis. The difference in relative abundance was calculated by ANOVA (p < 0.05). Alpha diversity indexes between vegetarians and non-vegetarians showed no significant difference based on BMI, alcohol status, and GI diseases. We found that in overweight vegetarian individuals Faecalibacterium and Rumicococcus might play a role in the control of Helicobacter pylori. Similarly, the increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in non-vegetarian individuals with normal BMI might play a role to decrease the level of harmful bacteria like H. pylori, and Corynebacterium sp. Also, the relative abundance of Corynebacterium sp. among the vegetarians and Streptococcus sp. in the non-vegetarians was increased in alcoholics while H. pylori was increased in non-alcoholics irrespective of diet. There is an increased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in vegetarians among all categories; however, we did not find any correlation between disease outcomes. Our study shows that alcohol intake and dietary habits have independent effects on gut microbial composition. The relative abundance of F. prausnitzii was high among vegetarians in all categories.
Key points
• The presence of H. pylori is less among alcoholics.
• Good bacteria help to maintain a normal body mass index.
• Gut microbiota richness is high in vegetarians and diversity in non-vegetarians.
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Code availability
Not applicable.
Data Availability
The datasets generated during the current study were submitted to the Short Read Archive of NCBI (BioProject accession number PRJNA904926) and are also available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Amity University for providing the infrastructure and support to carry out the work. We would also like to acknowledge Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, for the Next-generation sequencing of the samples.
Funding
This study has been funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India (EMR/2016/003676).
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All authors contributed to the study. RD and KD gave the concept of probable association between gut microbiota and GI diseases based on dietary intake and lifestyle patterns including BMI. PS has done the experiments and data collection. PS has analyzed the data and written the first manuscript. SS has done part of the experiment and corrected the manuscript. SM has critically corrected the result and the manuscript. KD has conceptualized the idea clinically. RD has critically corrected the manuscript.
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All the procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standard of the institution. This study was approved by the institutional ethical committee of Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Noida, U.P, dated 2–12-2015, and Max Hospital, Vaishali, U.P, India (RS/MSSH/VSH/CRL/IEC/GASTRO/17–19).
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Sharma, P., Singh, S., Das, K. et al. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota due to diet, alcohol intake, body mass index, and gastrointestinal diseases in India. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 107, 2547–2560 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12470-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12470-y