Abstract
In a competitive microbial environment, nutrient acquisition is a major contributor to the survival of any individual bacterial species, and the ability to access uncommon energy sources can provide a fitness advantage. One set of soluble carbohydrates that have attracted increased attention for use in biotechnology and biomedicine is the α-diglucosides. Maltose is the most well-studied member of this class; however, the remaining four less common α-diglucosides (trehalose, kojibiose, nigerose, and isomaltose) are increasingly used in processed food and fermented beverages. The consumption of trehalose has recently been shown to be a contributing factor in gut microbiome disease as certain pathogens are using α-diglucosides to outcompete native gut flora. Kojibiose and nigerose have also been examined as potential prebiotics and alternative sweeteners for a variety of foods. Compared to the study of maltose metabolism, our understanding of the synthesis and degradation of uncommon α-diglucosides is lacking, and several fundamental questions remain unanswered, particularly with regard to the regulation of bacterial metabolism for α-diglucosides. Therefore, this minireview attempts to provide a focused analysis of uncommon α-diglucoside metabolism in bacteria and suggests some future directions for this research area that could potentially accelerate biotechnology and biomedicine developments.
Key points
• α-diglucosides are increasingly important but understudied bacterial metabolites.
• Kinetically superior α-diglucoside enzymes require few amino acid substitutions.
• In vivo studies are required to realize the biotechnology potential of α-diglucosides.
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This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research under Award Number DE-SC0014183 and the Meyerhoff Graduate Fellows Program NIGMS Initiative for Maximizing Student Development Grant T32-GM066706.
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Garcia, C.A., Gardner, J.G. Bacterial α-diglucoside metabolism: perspectives and potential for biotechnology and biomedicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105, 4033–4052 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11322-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11322-x