Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is used in different fields as a biological material due to its unique properties. Despite there being many BC applications, there still remain many problems associated with bioprocess technology, such as increasing productivity and decreasing production cost. New technologies that use waste from the food industry as raw materials for culture media promote economic advantages because they reduce environmental pollution and stimulate new research for science sustainability. For this reason, BC production requires optimized conditions to increase its application. The main objective of this study was to evaluate BC production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus using industry waste, namely, rotten fruits and milk whey, as culture media. Furthermore, the structure of BC produced at different conditions was also determined. The culture media employed in this study were composed of rotten fruit collected from the disposal of free markets, milk whey from a local industrial disposal, and their combination, and Hestrin and Schramm media was used as standard culture media. Although all culture media studied produced BC, the highest BC yield—60 mg/mL—was achieved with the rotten fruit culture. Thus, the results showed that rotten fruit can be used for BC production. This culture media can be considered as a profitable alternative to generate high-value products. In addition, it combines environmental concern with sustainable processes that can promote also the reduction of production cost.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adesakin AO, Ukoba UK, Ajayi OO (2011) X-ray diffractometer characterization of South Western Nigeria’s Dolomite. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology 12(2):520–522, http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST12_2_520.pdf
Arauz LJ, Jozala AF, Mazzola PG, Penna TCV (2009) Nisin biotechnological production and application: a review. Trends Food Sci Tech 20:146–154. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2009.01.056
Bae S, Shoda M (2004) Bacterial cellulose production by fed-batch fermentation in molasses medium. Biotechnol Prog 20:1366–1371. doi:10.1021/bp0498490
Baptista-Neto A, Gouveia A, Gouveia ER, Badino AC Jr, Hokka CO (2000) Phenomenological model of the clavulanic acid production process utilizing Streptomyces clavuligerus. Braz J Chem Eng 17:4–7. doi:10.1590/S0104-66322000000400043
Brown RMJR (2003) Cellulose structure and biosynthesis: what is in store for the 21st century? J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42:487–495. doi:10.1002/pola.10877
Cai Z, Kim J (2010) Bacterial cellulose/poly(ethylene glycol) composite: characterization and first evaluation of biocompatibility. Cellulose 17:83–91. doi:10.1007/s10570-009-9362-5
Carreira P, Mendes JAS, Trovatti E, Serafim LS, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Neto CP (2011) Utilization of residues from agro-forest industries in the production of high value bacterial cellulose. Bioresour Technol 102:7354–7360. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.081
Castro C, Zuluaga R, Putaux JL, Caro G, Mondragon I, Gañán P (2011) Structural characterization of bacterial cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter swingsii sp. from Colombian agroindustrial wastes. Carbohydr Polym 84:96–102. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.072
Castro C, Zuluaga R, Cleenwerck I, Trcek J, De Vos P, Putaux JL, Gañán P (2013) Gluconacetobacter medellinensis sp. nov. cellulose- and non-cellulose producing acetic acid bacteria isolated from vinegar. Int J Syst Evol Micr 63(3):1119–1125. doi:10.1099/ijs. 0.043414-0
Donini IAN, De Salvi DTB, Fukumoto FK, Lustri WR, Barud HS, Marchetto R, Messaddeq Y, Ribeiro SJL (2010) Biosynthesis and recent advances in production of bacterial cellulose. Eclética Quím 35:165–178
Gomes FP, Silva HCSN, Trovatti E, Serafim LS, Duarte MF, Silvestre AJD, Pascoal Neto C, Freire CSR (2013) Production of bacterial cellulose by Gluconacetobacter sacchari using dry olive mill residue. Biomass Bioenergy 55:205–211. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.02.004
Hong L, Wang YL, Jia SR, Huang Y, Gao C, Wan YZ (2006) Hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose composites synthesized via a biomimetic route. Mater Lett 60:1710–1713. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2005.12.004
Ishihara M, Matsunaga M, Hayashi N, Tisler V (2002) Utilization of D-xylose as carbon source for production of bacterial cellulose. Enzym Microb Technol 31:986–991. doi:10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00215-6
Joseph G, Rowe G, Margaritis A, Wan WK (2003) Effects of polyacrylamide-coacrylic acid on cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 78(9):964–970. doi:10.1002/jctb.869
Jung H, Lee OM, Jeong JH, Jeon YD, Park KH, Kim HS, An WG, Son HJ (2010) Production and characterization of cellulose by Acetobacter sp. V6 using a cost-effective molasses–corn steep liquor medium. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 162:486–497. doi:10.1007/s12010-009-8759-9
Kennedy M, Krouse D (1999) Strategies for improving fermentation medium performance: a review. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 23:456–475. doi:10.1038/sj.jim.2900755
Klemm D, Schumann D, Udhart U, Marsch S (2001) Bacterial synthesized cellulose - artificial blood vessels for microsurgery. Progr Polym Sci 26(9):1561–1603. doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00021-1
Kongruang S (2008) Bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum strains from agricultural waste products. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 148(1:3):245–256. doi:10.1007/s12010-007-8119-6
Kouda T, Yano H, Yoshinaga F (1997) Effect of agitator configuration on bacterial cellulose productivity in aerated and agitated culture. J Ferment Bioeng 83(4):371–376. doi:10.1016/S0922-338X(97)80144-4
Koutinas AA, Sypsas V, Kandylis P, Michelis A, Bekatorou A, Kourkoutas Y, Kordulis C, Lycourghiotis A, Banat IM, Nigam P, Marchant R, Giannouli M, Yianoulis P (2012) Nano-tubular cellulose for bioprocess technology development. PLos ONE 7(4):e34350. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034350
Kurosumi A, Sasaki C, Yamashita Y, Nakamura Y (2009) Utilization of various fruit juices as carbon source for production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum NBRC 13693. Carbohydr Polym 76:333–335. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.11.009
Li Y, Tian C, Tian H, Zhang J, He X, Ping W, Lei H (2012) Improvement of bacterial cellulose production by manipulating the metabolic pathways in which ethanol and sodium citrate involved. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 96:1479–1487. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4242-6
Lin WC, Lien CC, Yeh HJ, Yu CH, Hsu SH (2013) Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose–chitosan membranes for wound dressing applications. Carbohydr Polym 94:603–611. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.076
Masaoka S, Ohe T, Sakota N (1993) Production of cellulose from glucose by Acetobacter xylinum. J Ferment Bioeng 75:18–22. doi:10.1016/0922-338X(93)90171-4
Mikkelsen D, Flanagan BM, Dykes GA, Gidley MJ (2009) Influence of different carbon sources on bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus strain ATCC 53524. J Appl Microbiol 107(2):576–583. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04226.x
Mohite BV, Patil SV (2014) A novel biomaterial: bacterial cellulose and its new era applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 61(2):101–110. doi:10.1002/bab.1148
Moosavi-Nasab M, Yousefi M (2011) Biotechnological production of cellulose by Gluconacetobacter xylinus from agricultural waste. Iran J Biotech 9(2):94–101
Nakagaito AN, Nogi M, Yano H (2010) Displays from transparent films of natural nanofibers. MRS Bull 35(3):214–218. doi:10.1557/mrs2010.654
Naritomi T, Kouda T, Yano H, Yoshinaga F (1998) Effect of ethanol on bacterial cellulose production from fructose in continuous culture. J Ferment Bioeng 85(6):598–603. doi:10.1016/S0922-338X(98)80012-3
Panesar PS, Chavan Y, Chopra HK, Kennedy JF (2012) Production of microbial cellulose: response surface methodology approach. Carbohydr Polym 87:930–934. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.002
Park ST, Kim E, Kim YM (2006) Overproduction of cellulose in Acetobacter xylinum KCCM 10100 defective in GDP-mannosyltransferase. J Microbiol Biotechnol 16(6):961–964
Phisalaphong M, Jatupaiboon N (2008) Biosynthesis and characterization of bacteria cellulose-chitosan film. Carbohydr Polym 74(3):482–488. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.04.004
Pourramezan GZ, Roayaei AM, Qezelbash QR (2009) Optimization of culture conditions for bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter sp. 4B-2. Biotechnology 8:150–154
Rani MU, Navin KR, Appaiah KAA (2011) Statistical optimization of medium composition for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter hansenii UAC09 using coffee cherry husk extract–an agro-industry waste. J Microbiol Biotechnol 21:739
Rivas B, Moldes AB, Domínguez JM, Parajó JC (2004) Development of culture media containing spent yeast cells of Debaryomyces hansenii and corn steep liquor for lactic acid production with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Int J Food Microbiol 97(1):93–98. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.006
Rosales E, Couto SR, Sanromán MA (2005) Reutilization of food processing wastes for production of relevant metabolites: application to laccase production by Trametes hirsute. J Food Eng 66:419–423. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.010
Ruka D, Simon GP, Dean KM (2012) Altering the growth conditions of Gluconacetobacter xylinus to maximize the yield of bacterial cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 89(2):613–622. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.059
Saibuatong OA, Phisalaphong M (2010) Novo aloe vera-bacterial cellulose composite film from biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 79(2):455–460. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.08.039
Shah N, Ul-Islam M, Khattak WA, Park JK (2013) Overview of bacterial cellulose composites: a multipurpose advanced material. Carbohydr Polym 98:1585–1598. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.018
Sheykhnazari S, Tabarsa T, Ashori A, Shakeri A, Golalipour M (2011) Bacterial synthesized cellulose nanofibers; effects of growth times and culture mediums on the structural characteristics. Carbohydr Polym 86(3):1187–1191. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.011
Thiry M, Cingolani D (2002) Optimizing scale-up fermentation processes. Trends Biotechnol 20(3):103–105. doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0003-0
Vandamme EJ, De Baets S, Vanbaelen A, Joris K, DeWulf P (1998) Improved production of bacterial cellulose and its application potential. Polym Degrad Stab 59(1–3):93–99. doi:10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00185-7
Vazquez A, Foresti ML, Cerrutti P, Galvagno M (2013) Bacterial cellulose from simple and low cost production media by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. J Polym Environ 21:545–554. doi:10.1007/s10924-012-0541-3
Verschuren PG, Cardona TD, Robert Nout MJ, De Gooijer KD, Van Den Heuvel JC (2000) Location and limitation of cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum established from oxygen profiles. J Biosci Bioeng 89:414–419. doi:10.1016/S1389-1723(00)89089-1
Wu JM, Liu RH (2012) Thin stillage supplementation greatly enhances bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Carbohydr Polym 90(1):116–121. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.003
Yan Z, Chen S, Wang H, Wang B, Jiang J (2008) Biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose/multi-walled carbon nanotubes in agitated culture. Carbohydr Polym 74:659–665. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.04.028
Zeng W, Small DP, Wan W (2011) Statistical optimization of culture conditions for bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum BPR 2001 from maple syrup. Carbohydr Polym 85:506–513. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.034
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Brazil National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq, FAPESP, and CAPES), the financial support from FAPESP 2009/14897-7, and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)/Portugal through the project PTDC/EBB-EBI/112170/2009 for the financial support and scholarship. Special thanks to Talita Almeida Vicentin for technical support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jozala, A.F., Pértile, R.A.N., dos Santos, C.A. et al. Bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus by employing alternative culture media. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99, 1181–1190 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6232-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6232-3