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Antifungal Volatile Organic Compounds from the Endophyte Nodulisporium sp. Strain GS4d2II1a: a Qualitative Change in the Intraspecific and Interspecific Interactions with Pythium aphanidermatum

  • Fungal Microbiology
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Abstract

This study demonstrates volatile organic compounds (VOCs) production as one of the defense mechanisms of the antagonistic endophyte Nodulisporium sp. GS4d2II1a, and the volatile changes in two times of the fungal growth; and, as result of its intra and interspecific interactions with the plant pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum. The antifungal activity of the volatile and diffusible metabolites was evaluated by means of three types of antagonism bioassays and by organic extract agar dilution. VOCs were obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry from 3- and 5-day Nodulisporium sp. cultures, as well as from its interspecific in vitro antagonistic interaction with the oomycete P. aphanidermatum, and its intraspecific Nodulisporium sp.–Nodulisporium sp. interaction. The GS4d2II1a strain completely inhibited the growth of two fungi and seven oomycetes by replacing their mycelia in simple antagonism bioassays and by producing in vitro volatile and diffusible metabolites that acted synergistically in multiple antagonism bioassays. Additionally, VOCs inhibited the growth of three oomycetes and one fungus in antagonism bioassays using divided plates. A total of 70 VOCs were detected, mainly including mono and sesquiterpenes, especially eucalyptol and limonene. Multiple correspondence analysis revealed four different volatile profiles, showing that volatiles changed with the fungus age and its intra and interspecific interactions. The metabolites produced by Nodulisporium sp. GS4d2II1a could be useful for biological control of fungal and oomycetes plant pathogens of economically important crops.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the CONACyT grant 179194. Rosa E. Sánchez-Fernández is a doctoral student from the Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Química, UNAM. She was recipient of a doctoral fellowship from CONACyT, Mexico. We wish to thank to M. Sc. Allan Espinosa Gómez from Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, for his help with the molecular identification; to PhD. Bertha Tlapal Bolaños and PhD. Olga Gómez from Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de Mexico, for the plant pathogens donation used in the bioassays; to Gonzalo Roque Flores, Instituto de Química, UNAM, for his support with the images edition; to M. Sc. Rebeca Martínez from Instituto de Biología, UNAM, for her support with the brightfield photomicrographs; to M. Sc. Ernesto L. Guevara form Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, for his support in the article revision and especially to M. Sc. Rafael Ibarra Contreras from Facultad de Química, UNAM, for language revision.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Química, Departamento de Productos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico

    Rosa Elvira Sánchez-Fernández & Martha Lydia Macías-Rubalcava

  2. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico

    Daniel Diaz

  3. Facultad de Química, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico

    Georgina Duarte

  4. Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Botánica, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico

    Patricia Lappe-Oliveras

  5. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, D.F., 04510, Mexico

    Sergio Sánchez

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  1. Rosa Elvira Sánchez-Fernández
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Correspondence to Martha Lydia Macías-Rubalcava.

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Sánchez-Fernández, R.E., Diaz, D., Duarte, G. et al. Antifungal Volatile Organic Compounds from the Endophyte Nodulisporium sp. Strain GS4d2II1a: a Qualitative Change in the Intraspecific and Interspecific Interactions with Pythium aphanidermatum . Microb Ecol 71, 347–364 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-015-0679-3

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